这个系列的第一部分介绍了Javascript模块的基本写法,今天介绍如何规范地使用模块。
(接上文)
七、模块的规范
先想一想,为什么模块很重要?
因为有了模块,我们就可以更方便地使用别人的代码,想要什么功能,就加载什么模块。
但是,这样做有一个前提,那就是大家必须以同样的方式编写模块,否则你有你的写法,我有我的写法,岂不是乱了套!考虑到Javascript模块现在还没有官方规范,这一点就更重要了。
目前,通行的Javascript模块规范共有两种:CommonJS和AMD。我主要介绍AMD,但是要先从CommonJS讲起。
八、CommonJS
2009年,美国程序员Ryan Dahl创造了node.js项目,将javascript语言用于服务器端编程。
这标志"Javascript模块化编程"正式诞生。因为老实说,在浏览器环境下,没有模块也不是特别大的问题,毕竟网页程序的复杂性有限;但是在服务器端,一定要有模块,与操作系统和其他应用程序互动,否则根本没法编程。
node.js的模块系统,就是参照CommonJS规范实现的。在CommonJS中,有一个全局性方法require(),用于加载模块。假定有一个数学模块math.js,就可以像下面这样加载。
var math = require('math');
然后,就可以调用模块提供的方法:
var math = require('math');
math.add(2,3); // 5
因为这个系列主要针对浏览器编程,不涉及node.js,所以对CommonJS就不多做介绍了。我们在这里只要知道,require()用于加载模块就行了。
九、浏览器环境
有了服务器端模块以后,很自然地,大家就想要客户端模块。而且最好两者能够兼容,一个模块不用修改,在服务器和浏览器都可以运行。
但是,由于一个重大的局限,使得CommonJS规范不适用于浏览器环境。还是上一节的代码,如果在浏览器中运行,会有一个很大的问题,你能看出来吗?
var math = require('math');
math.add(2, 3);
第二行math.add(2, 3),在第一行require('math')之后运行,因此必须等math.js加载完成。也就是说,如果加载时间很长,整个应用就会停在那里等。
这对服务器端不是一个问题,因为所有的模块都存放在本地硬盘,可以同步加载完成,等待时间就是硬盘的读取时间。但是,对于浏览器,这却是一个大问题,因为模块都放在服务器端,等待时间取决于网速的快慢,可能要等很长时间,浏览器处于"假死"状态。
因此,浏览器端的模块,不能采用"同步加载"(synchronous),只能采用"异步加载"(asynchronous)。这就是AMD规范诞生的背景。
十、AMD
AMD是"Asynchronous Module Definition"的缩写,意思就是"异步模块定义"。它采用异步方式加载模块,模块的加载不影响它后面语句的运行。所有依赖这个模块的语句,都定义在一个回调函数中,等到加载完成之后,这个回调函数才会运行。
AMD也采用require()语句加载模块,但是不同于CommonJS,它要求两个参数:
require([module], callback);
第一个参数[module],是一个数组,里面的成员就是要加载的模块;第二个参数callback,则是加载成功之后的回调函数。如果将前面的代码改写成AMD形式,就是下面这样:
require(['math'], function (math) {
math.add(2, 3);
});
math.add()与math模块加载不是同步的,浏览器不会发生假死。所以很显然,AMD比较适合浏览器环境。
目前,主要有两个Javascript库实现了AMD规范:require.js和curl.js。本系列的第三部分,将通过介绍require.js,进一步讲解AMD的用法,以及如何将模块化编程投入实战。
(完)

Yes, the engine core of JavaScript is written in C. 1) The C language provides efficient performance and underlying control, which is suitable for the development of JavaScript engine. 2) Taking the V8 engine as an example, its core is written in C, combining the efficiency and object-oriented characteristics of C. 3) The working principle of the JavaScript engine includes parsing, compiling and execution, and the C language plays a key role in these processes.

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C and JavaScript achieve interoperability through WebAssembly. 1) C code is compiled into WebAssembly module and introduced into JavaScript environment to enhance computing power. 2) In game development, C handles physics engines and graphics rendering, and JavaScript is responsible for game logic and user interface.

JavaScript is widely used in websites, mobile applications, desktop applications and server-side programming. 1) In website development, JavaScript operates DOM together with HTML and CSS to achieve dynamic effects and supports frameworks such as jQuery and React. 2) Through ReactNative and Ionic, JavaScript is used to develop cross-platform mobile applications. 3) The Electron framework enables JavaScript to build desktop applications. 4) Node.js allows JavaScript to run on the server side and supports high concurrent requests.

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C and C play a vital role in the JavaScript engine, mainly used to implement interpreters and JIT compilers. 1) C is used to parse JavaScript source code and generate an abstract syntax tree. 2) C is responsible for generating and executing bytecode. 3) C implements the JIT compiler, optimizes and compiles hot-spot code at runtime, and significantly improves the execution efficiency of JavaScript.

JavaScript's application in the real world includes front-end and back-end development. 1) Display front-end applications by building a TODO list application, involving DOM operations and event processing. 2) Build RESTfulAPI through Node.js and Express to demonstrate back-end applications.

The main uses of JavaScript in web development include client interaction, form verification and asynchronous communication. 1) Dynamic content update and user interaction through DOM operations; 2) Client verification is carried out before the user submits data to improve the user experience; 3) Refreshless communication with the server is achieved through AJAX technology.


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