Can Class Properties Be Defined With a Decorator in Python?

Class Properties in Python

In Python, class methods can be added using the @classmethod decorator. But what about class properties? Is there a decorator for them?

Consider this code:

class Example(object):
    the_I = 10
    
    def __init__(self):
        self.an_i = 20
    
    @property
    def i(self):
        return self.an_i
    
    def inc_i(self):
        self.an_i += 1
    
    # is this even possible?
    @classproperty
    def I(cls):
        return cls.the_I
    
    @classmethod
    def inc_I(cls):
        cls.the_I += 1

The code defines a class Example with an instance property i, a class property I, and two class methods inc_i and inc_I.

However, the syntax used for @classproperty isn't correct in Python. To create a class property, we can use the following approach:

class ClassPropertyDescriptor(object):

    def __init__(self, fget, fset=None):
        self.fget = fget
        self.fset = fset

    def __get__(self, obj, klass=None):
        if klass is None:
            klass = type(obj)
        return self.fget.__get__(obj, klass)()

    def __set__(self, obj, value):
        if not self.fset:
            raise AttributeError("can't set attribute")
        type_ = type(obj)
        return self.fset.__get__(obj, type_)(value)

    def setter(self, func):
        if not isinstance(func, (classmethod, staticmethod)):
            func = classmethod(func)
        self.fset = func
        return self

def classproperty(func):
    if not isinstance(func, (classmethod, staticmethod)):
        func = classmethod(func)

    return ClassPropertyDescriptor(func)

With this helper code, we can define class properties as follows:

class Bar(object):

    _bar = 1

    @classproperty
    def bar(cls):
        return cls._bar

    @bar.setter
    def bar(cls, value):
        cls._bar = value

The classproperty decorator creates a descriptor that handles the get and set operations for the class property.

By adding a metaclass definition, we can also handle setting the class property directly on the class:

class ClassPropertyMetaClass(type):
    def __setattr__(self, key, value):
        if key in self.__dict__:
            obj = self.__dict__.get(key)
        if obj and type(obj) is ClassPropertyDescriptor:
            return obj.__set__(self, value)

        return super(ClassPropertyMetaClass, self).__setattr__(key, value)

Bar.__metaclass__ = ClassPropertyMetaClass

Now, both instance and class properties can be used and set as expected.

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