How can I handle Baltic characters and execute CMD commands with them in Visual Studio 2019 C projects?

Special Characters in Visual Studio 2019 C Projects and Executing CMD Commands with Them

When working with Baltic characters in console applications and executing CMD commands with them, it's essential to address the challenges that arise with the default standard console C application. To overcome these challenges, we can employ techniques such as hexadecimal (HEX) string manipulation and ensuring compatibility with CMD.

Creating Hex Strings from Existing Strings

To create a HEX string from an existing string, we can utilize the following function:

<code class="cpp">int GetUtf8CharacterLength(unsigned char utf8Char) {
    if (utf8Char < 0x80) return 1;
    else if ((utf8Char & 0x20) == 0) return 2;
    else if ((utf8Char & 0x10) == 0) return 3;
    else if ((utf8Char & 0x08) == 0) return 4;
    else if ((utf8Char & 0x04) == 0) return 5;

    return 6;
}

char Utf8ToLatin1Character(char* s, int* readIndex) {
    int len = GetUtf8CharacterLength(static_cast<unsigned char>(s[*readIndex]));
    if (len == 1) {
        char c = s[*readIndex];
        (*readIndex)++;

        return c;
    }

    unsigned int v = (s[*readIndex] & (0xff >> (len + 1))) << ((len - 1) * 6);
    (*readIndex)++;
    for (len--; len > 0; len--) {
        v |= (static_cast<unsigned char>(s[*readIndex]) - 0x80) << ((len - 1) * 6);
        (*readIndex)++;
    }

    return (v > 0xff) ? 0 : (char)v;
}

char* Utf8ToLatin1String(char* s) {
    for (int readIndex = 0, writeIndex = 0; ; writeIndex++) {
        if (s[readIndex] == 0) {
            s[writeIndex] = 0;
            break;
        }

        char c = Utf8ToLatin1Character(s, &readIndex);
        if (c == 0) {
            c = '_';
        }

        s[writeIndex] = c;
    }

    return s;
}</code>

This function translates UTF-8 strings into Latin1 strings, which are more suitable for hexadecimal conversions. For example, if we have the UTF-8 string "āāāčččēēēē", we can use this function to convert it to the Latin1 string "xc3xa9xc3xa9xc3xa9xc4x8cxc4x8cxc4x8cxc4x9bxc4x9bxc4x9bxc4x9b".

Ensuring Compatibility with CMD

To ensure that the hexadecimal string created from the Baltic character string is compatible with CMD, we need to make sure that the encoding of the string is set correctly. This can be achieved by setting the global locale of the program to UTF-8:

<code class="cpp">std::locale::global(std::locale{".utf-8"});</code>

In addition, we can also set the locale of the streams to UTF-8:

<code class="cpp">auto streamLocale = std::locale{""}; // this impacts date/time/floating point formats, so you may want tweak it just to use sepecyfic encoding and use C-loclae for formating
std::cout.imbue(streamLocale);
std::cin.imbue(streamLocale);</code>

By setting both the global and stream locales to UTF-8, we ensure that the CMD command will correctly interpret the hexadecimal string we pass to it.

In summary, by following these steps, we can use Baltic characters in console applications and execute CMD commands with them without encountering encoding issues.

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