String Functions in Java

A number of methods provided in Java to perform operations in Strings are called String functions. The methods are compare(), concat(), equals(), split(), length(), replace(), compareTo() and so on. Strings in Java are constant and created using a literal or keyword. String literal makes Java memory efficient, and the keyword creates a Java string in normal memory. The string represents an array of character values, and the class is implemented by three interfaces such as Serializable, Comparable, and CharSequence interfaces. It represents the sequence of characters in a serialized or comparable manner.

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Concept of String Functions in Java

Below are the main concepts of String Functions in java:

1. Creating String

In Java, there are two primary ways to create a String object:

Using a string literal: Double quotes are used to produce a string literal in Java.

Example:

String s= "Hello World!";

Using the new keyword: Java String can be created using “new”.

Example:

String s=new String ("Hello World!");

2. String length

Methods that are used to get information about an object are called accessor methods in Java. One such accessor method related to strings is the length () method. This returns the number of characters in the string object.

public class Exercise {
public static void main(String args[]){
String s1="Hello";
String s2="World";
System.out.println("string length is: "+s1.length());
System.out.println("string length is: "+s2.length());
}}

Output:

3. Concatenating string

This method returns a new string which is string1 with string2 combined at the end. Concat () method can be used with string literals to get this done. Strings are also commonly concatenated using the + operator.

public class ExerciseNew {
public static void main(String args[]){
String s1="Hello";
s1=s1.concat("What is your good name?");
System.out.println(s1);
}}

Output:

4. Creating a format string

The printf() and format() functions output formatted numbers. The string has a similar class method named format (). It yields a String object. In contrast to the one-time print command, the static format () method accessible in the String object permits the construction of a formatted string that may be reused.

Methods of String Functions in Java

The following are the different methods:

Method	Description
char charAt(int index)	It returns the char value of the particular index as mentioned.
int length()	It returns the length of the string
static String format(String format, Object… args)	It returns a string that is duly formatted.
static String format(Locale l, String format, Object… args)	It returns a formatted string along with the given locale.
String substring(int beginIndex)	It returns the substring, which starts from begin index.
String substring(int beginIndex, int endIndex)	It returns a substring for a given start index position and ends index.
boolean contains(CharSequence s)	It returns true or false after doing a match between the sequence of char values.
static String join(CharSequence delimiter, CharSequence… elements)	It returns a string that is joined
static String join(CharSequence delimiter, Iterable elements)	It returns a joined string, the same as above.
boolean equals(Object another)	It checks the equality of the string. It does so with the given object.
boolean isEmpty()	It checks if a given string is empty or not.
String concat(String str)	It concatenates the specified string like the above example.
String replace(char old, char new)	It replaces all occurrences of the specified old char value. With new value.
String replace(CharSequence old, CharSequence new)	It replaces all occurrences of the given specified CharSequence with the new one.
static String equalsIgnoreCase(String another)	It compares with another string, but It is not case-sensitive.
String[] split(String regex)	It returns a split string based on matching the regex.
String[] split(String regex, int limit)	It returns a split string that matches regex and limit.
String intern()	It returns a string that is interned.
int indexOf(int ch)	It returns the selected char value index.
int indexOf(int ch, int fromIndex)	It returns the specified char value index, which starts with a given index.
int indexOf(String substring)	It returns the selected substring index.
int indexOf(String substring, int fromIndex)	It returns the selected substring index, which starts with a given index.
String toLowerCase()	It returns a string with all chars in lowercase.
String toLowerCase(Locale l)	It returns a string in lowercase with a specified locale.
String toUpperCase()	It returns a string with all chars in uppercase.
String toUpperCase(Locale l)	Same as above but with a specified locale.
String trim()	It removes the starting and ending whitespaces of this string.
static String valueOf(int value)	It converts another data type into a string. It is called an overloaded method.

Examples of String functions in Java

In this section, we have discussed some examples of string functions in Java.

Example #1: Check if a string is empty

Code:

public class IsEmptyExercise{
public static void main(String args[]){
String s1="";
String s2="Hello";
System.out.println(s1.isEmpty());      // true
System.out.println(s2.isEmpty());      // false
}}

Output:

Example #2: Trim whitespaces in a string

Code:

public class StringTrimExercise{
public static void main(String args[]){
String s1="  HelloWorld   ";
System.out.println(s1+"How are you doing today");        // without trim()
System.out.println(s1.trim()+"How are you doing today"); // with trim()
}}

Output:

Example #3: Convert a string to lowercase

Code:

public class StringLowerExercise{
public static void main(String args[]){
String s1="HELLO HOW Are You TODAY?";
String s1lower=s1.toLowerCase();
System.out.println(s1lower);}
}

Output:

Example #4: Replace a part of a string

Code:

public class ReplaceExercise{
public static void main(String args[]){
String s1="hello how are you today";
String replaceString=s1.replace('h','t');
System.out.println(replaceString); }}

Output:

Example #5: Check if two strings are equal

Code:

public class EqualsExercise{
public static void main(String args[]){
String s1="Hi";
String s2="Hey";
String s3="Hello";
System.out.println(s1.equalsIgnoreCase(s2));   // returns true
System.out.println(s1.equalsIgnoreCase(s3));   // returns false
}
}

Output:

Conclusion

Apart from the above-mentioned characteristics, functions, and methods, there are other facts with the String class. The string class is a final class, which is why String class objects are immutable in nature. JVM reserves a special memory area for string classes; this area is called the String constant pool.

In the String library, available with Java. Lang, overriding the String references are possible, but the content or literals cannot be copied. Any number closed in double quotes is also treated as a string.

Students should test these codes in an IDE and modify them to enhance their understanding further. String manipulation is very important to know in any programming language, and developers use it daily.

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