在python中,任务并发一种方式是通过进程分支来实现的.在linux系统在,通过fork()方法来实现进程分支.
1.fork()调用后会创建一个新的子进程,这个子进程是原父进程的副本.子进程可以独立父进程外运行.
2.fork()是一个很特殊的方法,一次调用,两次返回.
3.fork()它会返回2个值,一个值为0,表示在子进程返回;另外一个值为非0,表示在父进程中返回子进程ID.
以下只能在linux中运行,不能在window下运行.
进程分支fork()
实例如下:
#!/usr/bin/python
#coding=utf-8
import os
def child():
print('hello from child', os.getpid())
os._exit(0)
def parent():
pid = os.fork()
if pid == 0:
child()
print 'fork child process error!'#如果打印该字符串,说明调用child()出错
else:
print('hello from parent', os.getpid(), pid)
parent()
运行结果如下:
('hello from parent', 29888, 29889)
('hello from child', 29889)
从结果不难看出, child()后的print字符并没有打印处理,说明调用child()是没有返回的.
fork和exec的组合
从上面的例子来看,调用child()方法后就直接退出了.但在实际的应用中,我们希望分支出来的子进程能独立运行另外一个新的程序.这时需要用到exec方法替换子进程,并且替换后进程的pid不会改变.exec方法不会返回.
首先解释一下exec相关的8个方法组:
os.execv(program, cmdargs)
基本的”v”执行形式,需要传入可执行的程序名,以及用来运行程序的命令行参数字符的列表或元组.
os.execl(program, cmdarg1, cmdarg2, …, cmdargN)
基本的”l”执行形式,需要传入可执行的程序名,以及用来运行程序的命令行多个字符参数.
os.execvp(program, args)
“p”模式下,基本的”v”执行形式,需要传入可执行的程序名,以及用来运行程序的命令行参数字符的列表或元组.运行新程序的搜索路径为当前文件的搜索路径.
os.execlp(program, cmdarg1, cmdarg2, …, cmdargN)
“p”模式下,基本的”l”执行形式,需要传入可执行的程序名,以及用来运行程序的命令行多个字符参数.运行新程序的搜索路径为当前文件的搜索路径.
os.execve(program, args, env)
“e”模式下,基本的”v”执行形式,需要传入可执行的程序名,以及用来运行程序的命令行参数字符的列表或元组.最后还要传入运行新程序的需要的环境变量env字典参数.
os.execle(program, cmdarg1, cmdarg2, …, cmdargN, env)
“e”模式下,基本的”l”执行形式,需要传入可执行的程序名,以及用来运行程序的命令行多个字符参数.最后还要传入运行新程序的需要的环境变量env字典参数.
os.execvpe(program, args, env)
在”p”和”e”的组合模式下,基本的”v”执行形式,需要传入可执行的程序名,以及用来运行程序的命令行参数字符的列表或元组.最后还要传入运行新程序的需要的环境变量env字典参数.运行新程序的搜索路径为当前文件的搜索路径.
os.execlpe(program, cmdarg1, cmdarg2, …, cmdargN, env)
在”p”和”e”的组合模式下,基本的”l”执行形式,需要传入可执行的程序名,以及用来运行程序的命令行多个字符参数.最后还要传入运行新程序的需要的环境变量env字典参数.运行新程序的搜索路径为当前文件的搜索路径.
newprocess.py代码如下:
#!/usr/bin/python
#coding=utf-8
import os
def child():
print('hello from child', os.getpid())
os._exit(0)
child()
主代码如下:
#!/usr/bin/python
#coding=utf-8
import os
def child():
print('hello from child', os.getpid())
os._exit(0)
def parent():
pid = os.fork()
if pid == 0:
os.execlp('python', 'python', 'newprocess.py')
assert False, 'fork child process error!'
else:
print('hello from parent', os.getpid(), pid)
parent()
输出如下:
$ python TestFork.py
('hello from parent', 30791, 30792)
$ ('hello from child', 30792)

Python is an interpreted language, but it also includes the compilation process. 1) Python code is first compiled into bytecode. 2) Bytecode is interpreted and executed by Python virtual machine. 3) This hybrid mechanism makes Python both flexible and efficient, but not as fast as a fully compiled language.

Useaforloopwheniteratingoverasequenceorforaspecificnumberoftimes;useawhileloopwhencontinuinguntilaconditionismet.Forloopsareidealforknownsequences,whilewhileloopssuitsituationswithundeterminediterations.

Pythonloopscanleadtoerrorslikeinfiniteloops,modifyinglistsduringiteration,off-by-oneerrors,zero-indexingissues,andnestedloopinefficiencies.Toavoidthese:1)Use'i

Forloopsareadvantageousforknowniterationsandsequences,offeringsimplicityandreadability;whileloopsareidealfordynamicconditionsandunknowniterations,providingcontrolovertermination.1)Forloopsareperfectforiteratingoverlists,tuples,orstrings,directlyacces

Pythonusesahybridmodelofcompilationandinterpretation:1)ThePythoninterpretercompilessourcecodeintoplatform-independentbytecode.2)ThePythonVirtualMachine(PVM)thenexecutesthisbytecode,balancingeaseofusewithperformance.

Pythonisbothinterpretedandcompiled.1)It'scompiledtobytecodeforportabilityacrossplatforms.2)Thebytecodeistheninterpreted,allowingfordynamictypingandrapiddevelopment,thoughitmaybeslowerthanfullycompiledlanguages.

Forloopsareidealwhenyouknowthenumberofiterationsinadvance,whilewhileloopsarebetterforsituationswhereyouneedtoloopuntilaconditionismet.Forloopsaremoreefficientandreadable,suitableforiteratingoversequences,whereaswhileloopsoffermorecontrolandareusefulf

Forloopsareusedwhenthenumberofiterationsisknowninadvance,whilewhileloopsareusedwhentheiterationsdependonacondition.1)Forloopsareidealforiteratingoversequenceslikelistsorarrays.2)Whileloopsaresuitableforscenarioswheretheloopcontinuesuntilaspecificcond


Hot AI Tools

Undresser.AI Undress
AI-powered app for creating realistic nude photos

AI Clothes Remover
Online AI tool for removing clothes from photos.

Undress AI Tool
Undress images for free

Clothoff.io
AI clothes remover

Video Face Swap
Swap faces in any video effortlessly with our completely free AI face swap tool!

Hot Article

Hot Tools

SublimeText3 English version
Recommended: Win version, supports code prompts!

SecLists
SecLists is the ultimate security tester's companion. It is a collection of various types of lists that are frequently used during security assessments, all in one place. SecLists helps make security testing more efficient and productive by conveniently providing all the lists a security tester might need. List types include usernames, passwords, URLs, fuzzing payloads, sensitive data patterns, web shells, and more. The tester can simply pull this repository onto a new test machine and he will have access to every type of list he needs.

Dreamweaver CS6
Visual web development tools

Notepad++7.3.1
Easy-to-use and free code editor

SublimeText3 Mac version
God-level code editing software (SublimeText3)
