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HomeBackend DevelopmentPython Tutorialpygame学习笔记(5):游戏精灵

据说在任天堂FC时代,精灵的作用相当巨大,可是那时候只知道怎么玩超级玛丽、魂斗罗,却对精灵一点也不知。pygame.sprite.Sprite就是Pygame里面用来实现精灵的一个类,使用时,并不需要对它实例化,只需要继承他,然后按需写出自己的类就好了,因此非常简单实用。

一、什么是精灵

精灵可以认为成是一个个小图片,一种可以在屏幕上移动的图形对象,并且可以与其他图形对象交互。精灵图像可以是使用pygame绘制函数绘制的图像,也可以是原来就有的图像文件。

二、sprite中主要且常用的变量有以下几个:更多详细的见http://www.pygame.org/docs/ref/sprite.html#pygame.sprite.Sprite
self.image这个负责显示什么。如self.image=pygame.Surface([x,y])说明该精灵是一个x,y大小的距形,self.image=pygame.image.load(filename)说明该精灵调用显示filename这个图片文件。

复制代码 代码如下:

self.image.fill([color]),负责对self.image着色,如self.image=pygame.Surface([x,y])
self.image.fill([255,0,0])

对x,y距形填充红色。
self.rect负责在哪里显示。一般来说,先用self.rect=self.image.get_rect()获得image距形大小,然后给self.rect设定显示的位置,一般用self.rect.topleft(topright、bottomleft、bottomright)来设定某一个角的显示位置。另外,self.rect.top、self.rect.bottom、self.rect.right、self.rect.left分别表示上下左右。
self.update 负责使精灵行为生效。
Sprite.add  添加精灵到group中去。
Sprite.remove 从group中删除
Sprite.kill 从groups中全部删除精灵
Sprite.alive 判断精灵是否属于groups

三、建立一个简单的精灵

所有精灵在建立时都是从pygame.sprite.Sprite中继承的。

(1)做一个精灵,绘制一个宽30、高30的距形,具体代码如下:

复制代码 代码如下:

class Temp(pygame.sprite.Sprite):
    def __init__(self,color,initial_position):
        pygame.sprite.Sprite.__init__(self)
        self.image = pygame.Surface([30,30])
        self.image.fill(color)
        self.rect=self.image.get_rect()
        self.rect.topleft=initial_position

这里逐句进行一下分析,pygame.sprite.Sprite.__init__(self)完成初始化。self.image = pygame.Surface([30,30])定义显示30*30的一个距形surface。self.image.fill(color)用color来填充颜色。self.rect=self.image.get_rect()获取self.image大小。self.rect.topleft=initial_position确定左上角显示位置,当然也可以用topright、bottomrigh、bottomleft来分别确定其他几个角的位置。精灵的显示,在一个640*480大小的白色窗体[50,100]的位置绘制一个30*30大小的红色距形,完整代码如下:

复制代码 代码如下:

import pygame,sys
pygame.init()
class Temp(pygame.sprite.Sprite):
    def __init__(self,color,initial_position):
        pygame.sprite.Sprite.__init__(self)
        self.image = pygame.Surface([30,30])
        self.image.fill(color)
        self.rect=self.image.get_rect()
        self.rect.topleft=initial_position
screen=pygame.display.set_mode([640,480])
screen.fill([255,255,255])
b=Temp([255,0,0],[50,100])
screen.blit(b.image,b.rect)
pygame.display.update()
while True:
    for event in pygame.event.get():
        if event.type==pygame.QUIT:
            sys.exit()

(2)做一个精灵,显示内容为某一图片,这里以前面用过的小车图片为例,代码如下:
复制代码 代码如下:

import pygame,sys
pygame.init()
class Car(pygame.sprite.Sprite):
    def __init__(self,filename,initial_position):
        pygame.sprite.Sprite.__init__(self)
        self.image=pygame.image.load(filename)
        self.rect=self.image.get_rect()
        #self.rect.topleft=initial_position
        self.rect.bottomright=initial_position
        print self.rect.right
        
screen=pygame.display.set_mode([640,480])
screen.fill([255,255,255])
fi='ok1.jpg'
b=Car(fi,[150,100])
screen.blit(b.image,b.rect)
pygame.display.update()
while True:
    for event in pygame.event.get():
        if event.type==pygame.QUIT:
            sys.exit()

这段代码与(1)的不同之处在于self.image定义为pygame.image.load(filename),用来显示filename文件,本代码使用了ok1.jpg文件,并定义了小车右底角的显示位置是[150,100]。

三、学习精灵组

(1)使用精灵在屏幕上放多个图像,这种方法没用利用精灵组的概念,而是利用了list来生成每一个精灵。Cargroup用来存储不同位置的Car,screen.blit(carlist.image,carlist.rect)逐个显示每一个精灵。具体见代码:

复制代码 代码如下:

import pygame,sys
pygame.init()
class Car(pygame.sprite.Sprite):
    def __init__(self,filename,initial_position):
        pygame.sprite.Sprite.__init__(self)
        self.image=pygame.image.load(filename)
        self.rect=self.image.get_rect()
        self.rect.bottomright=initial_position

        
screen=pygame.display.set_mode([640,480])
screen.fill([255,255,255])
fi='ok1.jpg'
locationgroup=([150,200],[350,360],[250,280])
Cargroup=[]
for lo in locationgroup:
    Cargroup.append(Car(fi,lo))
for carlist in Cargroup:
    screen.blit(carlist.image,carlist.rect)
pygame.display.update()
while True:
    for event in pygame.event.get():
        if event.type==pygame.QUIT:
            sys.exit()


具体效果见图:

(2)使用精灵组来实现多个图像。上面精灵是存在一个列表中,很方便,就是有点不太好用。除了精灵,pygame还提供了精灵组,它很适合处理精灵列表,有添加,移除,绘制,更新等方法。具体如下:http://www.pygame.org/docs/ref/sprite.html#pygame.sprite.Sprite
Group.sprites 精灵组
Group.copy 复制
Group.add 添加
Group.remove 移除
Group.has 判断精灵组成员
Group.update 更新
Group.draw 位块显示
Group.clear - 绘制背景
Group.empty 清空
同样还是上面的这个例子,这里用精灵组来实现。

复制代码 代码如下:

import pygame,sys
pygame.init()
class Car(pygame.sprite.Sprite):
    def __init__(self,filename,initial_position):
        pygame.sprite.Sprite.__init__(self)
        self.image=pygame.image.load(filename)
        self.rect=self.image.get_rect()
        self.rect.bottomright=initial_position
screen=pygame.display.set_mode([640,480])
screen.fill([255,255,255])
fi='ok1.jpg'
locationgroup=([150,200],[350,360],[250,280])
Cargroup=pygame.sprite.Group()
for lo in locationgroup:
    Cargroup.add(Car(fi,lo))

for carlist in Cargroup.sprites():
    screen.blit(carlist.image,carlist.rect)
pygame.display.update()
while True:
    for event in pygame.event.get():
        if event.type==pygame.QUIT:
            sys.exit()


两个例子都是在[150,200],[350,360],[250,280]三个位置显示三辆小车,不同之处第一个用的是list,第二个用的是精灵组。差别就在几句话上,一是Cargroup=pygame.sprite.Group()定义Cargroup为精灵组,二是Cargroup.add(Car(fi,lo))用add代替了append,三是for carlist in Cargroup.sprites()这句中逐个显示精灵,这里试了一下,直接用for carlist in Cargroup也是可以的。精灵组的代码是高度优化过了,常常比列表还快。插入和删除都是常见的操作,代码还可以避免内存在循环中反复消耗。

四、动画

利用精灵组做动画会显得比较方便,这里我们首先让上面的三辆小车运动起来。
(1)三辆小车以不同的速度前行,利用random.choice随机生成[-10,-1]之间的值作为速度让小车从下向上运动,并且当到达顶部时,再从底部出现。代码如下:

复制代码 代码如下:

import pygame,sys
from random import *
pygame.init()
class Car(pygame.sprite.Sprite):
    def __init__(self,filename,initial_position,speed):
        pygame.sprite.Sprite.__init__(self)
        self.image=pygame.image.load(filename)
        self.rect=self.image.get_rect()
        self.rect.topleft=initial_position
        self.speed=speed
    def move(self):
        self.rect=self.rect.move(self.speed)
        if self.rect.bottom             self.rect.top=480
screen=pygame.display.set_mode([640,480])
screen.fill([255,255,255])
fi='ok1.jpg'
locationgroup=([150,200],[350,300],[250,200])
Cargroup=pygame.sprite.Group()
for lo in locationgroup:
    speed=[0,choice([-10,-1])]
    Cargroup.add(Car(fi,lo,speed))

while True:
    for event in pygame.event.get():
        if event.type==pygame.QUIT:
            sys.exit()
    pygame.time.delay(20)
    screen.fill([255,255,255])
    for carlist in Cargroup.sprites():
        carlist.move()
        screen.blit(carlist.image,carlist.rect)
    pygame.display.update()

(2)可以通过左右键控制三辆小车的左右移动,按左键向左移动,当到达最左边时,不再移动,按右键向右移动,当到达最右边时,不再移动。具体代码如下:

复制代码 代码如下:

import pygame,sys
from random import *
pygame.init()
class Car(pygame.sprite.Sprite):
    def __init__(self,filename,initial_position,speed):
        pygame.sprite.Sprite.__init__(self)
        self.image=pygame.image.load(filename)
        self.rect=self.image.get_rect()
        self.rect.topleft=initial_position
        self.speed=speed
    def move(self):
        self.rect=self.rect.move(self.speed)
        if self.rect.bottom             self.rect.top=480
    def moveleft(self):
        self.rect.left=self.rect.left-10
        if self.rect.left             self.rect.left=0
    def moveright(self):
        self.rect.right=self.rect.right+10
        if self.rect.right>640:
            self.rect.right=640
screen=pygame.display.set_mode([640,480])
screen.fill([255,255,255])
fi='ok1.jpg'
locationgroup=([150,200],[350,300],[250,200])
Cargroup=pygame.sprite.Group()
for lo in locationgroup:
    speed=[0,choice([-10,-1])]
    Cargroup.add(Car(fi,lo,speed))

while True:
    for event in pygame.event.get():
        if event.type==pygame.QUIT:
            sys.exit()
        elif event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN:
            if event.key==pygame.K_LEFT:
                for carlist in Cargroup.sprites():
                    carlist.moveleft()
                    screen.blit(carlist.image,carlist.rect)
            if event.key==pygame.K_RIGHT:
                for carlist in Cargroup.sprites():
                    carlist.moveright()
                    screen.blit(carlist.image,carlist.rect)
    pygame.time.delay(20)
    screen.fill([255,255,255])
    for carlist in Cargroup.sprites():
        carlist.move()
        screen.blit(carlist.image,carlist.rect)
    pygame.display.update()

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