一、简介
time模块提供各种操作时间的函数
说明:一般有两种表示时间的方式:
第一种是时间戳的方式(相对于1970.1.1 00:00:00以秒计算的偏移量),时间戳是惟一的
第二种以数组的形式表示即(struct_time),共有九个元素,分别表示,同一个时间戳的struct_time会因为时区不同而不同
- year (four digits, e.g. 1998)
- month (1-12)
- day (1-31)
- hours (0-23)
- minutes (0-59)
- seconds (0-59)
- weekday (0-6, Monday is 0)
- Julian day (day in the year, 1-366)
- DST (Daylight Savings Time) flag (-1, 0 or 1) 是否是夏令时
- If the DST flag is 0, the time is given in the regular time zone;
- if it is 1, the time is given in the DST time zone;
- if it is -1, mktime() should guess based on the date and time.
夏令时介绍:http://baike.baidu.com/view/100246.htm
UTC介绍:http://wenda.tianya.cn/wenda/thread?tid=283921a9da7c5aef&clk=wttpcts
二、函数介绍
1.asctime()
asctime([tuple]) -> string
将一个struct_time(默认为当时时间),转换成字符串
Convert a time tuple to a string, e.g. ‘Sat Jun 06 16:26:11 1998'.
When the time tuple is not present, current time as returned by localtime() is used.
2.clock()
clock() -> floating point number
该函数有两个功能,
在第一次调用的时候,返回的是程序运行的实际时间;
以第二次之后的调用,返回的是自第一次调用后,到这次调用的时间间隔
注:
在Xinux上使用 time.time() 而在windows中使用time.clock()可以得到更高的精度.
Xinux和Win在实现系统时钟的不同。time.clock()是调用的系统时钟实现,而两个平台又有所不同。
主要问题在于Xinux时钟切换策略:jiffy的实现,因为内核时钟的切换不是连续的而是间隔一段时间(一般而言在1ms~10ms之间)之后才变化, 所以如果是在Xinux中的两次耗时较短的调用,通过time.clock()得到的结果是一样的。
3.sleep(…)
sleep(seconds)
线程推迟指定的时间运行,经过测试,单位为秒
示例:
import time if __name__ == '__main__': time.sleep(3) print "clock1: %s" % time.clock() # print "local time: %s" % time.localtime() print str(time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S', time.localtime())) time.sleep(3) print "clock2: %s" % time.clock() # print "local time: %s" % time.localtime() print str(time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S', time.localtime())) time.sleep(3) print "clock3: %s" % time.clock() # print "local time: %s" % time.localtime() print str(time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S', time.localtime()))
结果
clock1: 0.020678 2015-08-09 00:18:31 clock2: 0.020891 2015-08-09 00:18:34 clock3: 0.021068 2015-08-09 00:18:37
4.ctime(…)
ctime(seconds) -> string
将一个时间戳(默认为当前时间)转换成一个时间字符串
例如:
time.ctime()
输出为:
'Sat Mar 28 22:24:24 2009′
5.gmtime(…)
gmtime([seconds]) -> (tm_year, tm_mon, tm_day, tm_hour, tm_min,tm_sec, tm_wday, tm_yday, tm_isdst)
将一个时间戳转换成一个UTC时区(0时区)的struct_time,如果seconds参数未输入,则以当前时间为转换标准
6.localtime(…)
localtime([seconds]) -> (tm_year,tm_mon,tm_day,tm_hour,tm_min,tm_sec,tm_wday,tm_yday,tm_isdst)
将一个时间戳转换成一个当前时区的struct_time,如果seconds参数未输入,则以当前时间为转换标准
7.mktime(…)
mktime(tuple) -> floating point number
将一个以struct_time转换为时间戳
8.strftime(…)
strftime(format[, tuple]) -> string
将指定的struct_time(默认为当前时间),根据指定的格式化字符串输出
python中时间日期格式化符号:
- %y 两位数的年份表示(00-99)
- %Y 四位数的年份表示(000-9999)
- %m 月份(01-12)
- %d 月内中的一天(0-31)
- %H 24小时制小时数(0-23)
- %I 12小时制小时数(01-12)
- %M 分钟数(00=59)
- %S 秒(00-59)
- %a 本地简化星期名称
- %A 本地完整星期名称
- %b 本地简化的月份名称
- %B 本地完整的月份名称
- %c 本地相应的日期表示和时间表示
- %j 年内的一天(001-366)
- %p 本地A.M.或P.M.的等价符
- %U 一年中的星期数(00-53)星期天为星期的开始
- %w 星期(0-6),星期天为星期的开始
- %W 一年中的星期数(00-53)星期一为星期的开始
- %x 本地相应的日期表示
- %X 本地相应的时间表示
- %Z 当前时区的名称
- %% %号本身
print str(time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S', time.localtime()))
2015-08-09 00:18:37
9.strptime(…)
strptime(string, format) -> struct_time
将时间字符串根据指定的格式化符转换成数组形式的时间
例如:
2009-03-20 11:45:39 对应的格式化字符串为:%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S
Sat Mar 28 22:24:24 2009 对应的格式化字符串为:%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y
10.time(…)
time() -> floating point number
返回当前时间的时间戳(1970纪元后经过的浮点秒数)
三、常用命令
1.python获取当前时间
time.time() 获取当前时间戳
time.localtime() 当前时间的struct_time形式
time.ctime() 当前时间的字符串形式
print time.time() print time.localtime() print time.ctime()
结果为:
1439051479.08 time.struct_time(tm_year=2015, tm_mon=8, tm_mday=9, tm_hour=0, tm_min=31, tm_sec=19, tm_wday=6, tm_yday=221, tm_isdst=0) Sun Aug 9 00:31:19 2015
2.python格式化字符串
格式化成2009-03-20 11:45:39形式
time.strftime(“%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S”, time.localtime())
格式化成Sat Mar 28 22:24:24 2009形式
time.strftime(“%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y”, time.localtime())
3.将格式字符串转换为时间戳
a = “Sat Mar 28 22:24:24 2009″
b = time.mktime(time.strptime(a,”%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y”))
ps:
了解这一块主要是想用time来计算我程序中关键既不的运行时间,所以更多整理这部分内容。至于时间的转化等,后续用得着的时候再来整理。
四、使用time模块计算代码执行效率的精度测试
#python中使用time模块计算代码执行效率 #测试用time.time()和time.clock()使用精度 import sys import time import timeit default_timer = None if sys.platform == "win32": # On Windows, the best timer is time.clock() default_timer = time.clock else: # On most other platforms the best timer is time.time() default_timer = time.time print default_timer timeIn= time.clock() for i in range(100): n=i timeUse = time.clock()-timeIn print timeUse timeIn = time.time() for i in range(100): n=i timeUse = time.time()-timeIn print timeUse timeIn = timeit.default_timer() for i in range(100): n=i timeUse = timeit.default_timer()-timeIn print timeUse #该段代码在windows下结果如下 >>> 4.07873067161e-005 0.0 3.5758734839e-005 #因为time.clock() 返回的是处理器时间,而因为 Unix 中 jiffy 的缘故,所以精度不会太高。 #因此,在Windows 系统中,建议使用 time.clock(),在Unix 系统中,建议使用 time.time(), #而使用timeit代替 time,就可以实现跨平台的精度性,使用timeit.default_timer()函数来获取时间

Python and C each have their own advantages, and the choice should be based on project requirements. 1) Python is suitable for rapid development and data processing due to its concise syntax and dynamic typing. 2)C is suitable for high performance and system programming due to its static typing and manual memory management.

Choosing Python or C depends on project requirements: 1) If you need rapid development, data processing and prototype design, choose Python; 2) If you need high performance, low latency and close hardware control, choose C.

By investing 2 hours of Python learning every day, you can effectively improve your programming skills. 1. Learn new knowledge: read documents or watch tutorials. 2. Practice: Write code and complete exercises. 3. Review: Consolidate the content you have learned. 4. Project practice: Apply what you have learned in actual projects. Such a structured learning plan can help you systematically master Python and achieve career goals.

Methods to learn Python efficiently within two hours include: 1. Review the basic knowledge and ensure that you are familiar with Python installation and basic syntax; 2. Understand the core concepts of Python, such as variables, lists, functions, etc.; 3. Master basic and advanced usage by using examples; 4. Learn common errors and debugging techniques; 5. Apply performance optimization and best practices, such as using list comprehensions and following the PEP8 style guide.

Python is suitable for beginners and data science, and C is suitable for system programming and game development. 1. Python is simple and easy to use, suitable for data science and web development. 2.C provides high performance and control, suitable for game development and system programming. The choice should be based on project needs and personal interests.

Python is more suitable for data science and rapid development, while C is more suitable for high performance and system programming. 1. Python syntax is concise and easy to learn, suitable for data processing and scientific computing. 2.C has complex syntax but excellent performance and is often used in game development and system programming.

It is feasible to invest two hours a day to learn Python. 1. Learn new knowledge: Learn new concepts in one hour, such as lists and dictionaries. 2. Practice and exercises: Use one hour to perform programming exercises, such as writing small programs. Through reasonable planning and perseverance, you can master the core concepts of Python in a short time.

Python is easier to learn and use, while C is more powerful but complex. 1. Python syntax is concise and suitable for beginners. Dynamic typing and automatic memory management make it easy to use, but may cause runtime errors. 2.C provides low-level control and advanced features, suitable for high-performance applications, but has a high learning threshold and requires manual memory and type safety management.


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