search
HomeBackend DevelopmentPython Tutorial使用Python编写爬虫的基本模块及框架使用指南

基本模块
 python爬虫,web spider。爬取网站获取网页数据,并进行分析提取。

基本模块使用的是 urllib,urllib2,re,等模块

基本用法,例子:

(1)进行基本GET请求,获取网页html

#!coding=utf-8
import urllib
import urllib2
 
url = 'http://www.baidu.com/'
# 获取请求
request = urllib2.Request(url)
try:
  # 根据request,得到返回response
  response = urllib2.urlopen(request)
except urllib2.HTTPError, e:
  if hasattr(e, 'reason'):
    print e.reason
# 读取response的body
html = response.read()
# 读取response的headers
headers = response.info()

   
(2)表单提交

#!coding=utf-8
import urllib2
import urllib
 
post_url = ''
 
post_data = urllib.urlencode({
  'username': 'username',
  'password': 'password',
})
 
post_headers = {
  'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux i686; rv:31.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/31.0',
}
 
request = urllib2.Request(
  url=post_url,
  data=post_data,
  headers=post_headers,
)
 
response = urllib2.urlopen(request)
 
html = response.read()

(3)

#!coding=utf-8
 
import urllib2
import re
 
page_num = 1
url = 'http://tieba.baidu.com/p/3238280985?see_lz=1&pn='+str(page_num)
myPage = urllib2.urlopen(url).read().decode('gbk')
 
myRe = re.compile(r'class="d_post_content j_d_post_content ">(.*&#63;)</div>', re.DOTALL)
items = myRe.findall(myPage)
 
f = open('baidu.txt', 'a+')
 
import sys
reload(sys)
sys.setdefaultencoding('utf-8')
 
i = 0
texts = []
for item in items:
  i += 1
  print i
  text = item.replace('<br>', '')
  text.replace('\n', '').replace(' ', '') + '\n'
  print text
  f.write(text)
 
f.close()

(4)

#coding:utf-8
'''
  模拟登陆163邮箱并下载邮件内容
 
'''
import urllib
import urllib2
import cookielib
import re
import time
import json
 
class Email163:
  header = {'User-Agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 6.1; en-US; rv:1.9.1.6) Gecko/20091201 Firefox/3.5.6'}
  user = ''
  cookie = None
  sid = None
  mailBaseUrl='http://twebmail.mail.163.com'
 
  def __init__(self):
    self.cookie = cookielib.CookieJar()
    cookiePro = urllib2.HTTPCookieProcessor(self.cookie)
    urllib2.install_opener(urllib2.build_opener(cookiePro))
 
  def login(self,user,pwd):
    '''
      登录
    '''
    postdata = urllib.urlencode({
        'username':user,
        'password':pwd,
        'type':1
      })
    #注意版本不同,登录URL也不同
    req = urllib2.Request(
        url='https://ssl.mail.163.com/entry/coremail/fcg/ntesdoor2&#63;funcid=loginone&language=-1&passtype=1&iframe=1&product=mail163&from=web&df=email163&race=-2_45_-2_hz&module=&uid='+user+'&style=10&net=t&skinid=null',
        data=postdata,
        headers=self.header,
      )
    res = str(urllib2.urlopen(req).read())
    #print res
    patt = re.compile('sid=([^"]+)',re.I)
    patt = patt.search(res)
 
    uname = user.split('@')[0]
    self.user = user
    if patt:
      self.sid = patt.group(1).strip()
      #print self.sid
      print '%s Login Successful.....'%(uname)
    else:
      print '%s Login failed....'%(uname)
 
 
  def getInBox(self):
    '''
      获取邮箱列表
    '''
    print '\nGet mail lists.....\n'
    sid = self.sid
    url = self.mailBaseUrl+'/jy3/list/list.do&#63;sid='+sid+'&fid=1&fr=folder'
    res = urllib2.urlopen(url).read()
    #获取邮件列表
    mailList = []
    patt = re.compile('<div\s+class="tdLike Ibx_Td_From"[^>]+>.*&#63;href="([^"]+)"[^>]+>(.*&#63;)<\/a>.*&#63;<div\s+class="tdLike Ibx_Td_Subject"[^>]+>.*&#63;href="[^>]+>(.*&#63;)<\/a>',re.I|re.S)
    patt = patt.findall(res)
    if patt==None:
      return mailList
 
    for i in patt:
      line = {
          'from':i[1].decode('utf8'),
           'url':self.mailBaseUrl+i[0],
           'subject':i[2].decode('utf8')
           }
      mailList.append(line)
 
    return mailList
 
 
  def getMailMsg(self,url):
    '''
      下载邮件内容
    '''
    content=''
    print '\n Download.....%s\n'%(url)
    res = urllib2.urlopen(url).read()
 
    patt = re.compile('contentURL:"([^"]+)"',re.I)
    patt = patt.search(res)
    if patt==None:
      return content
    url = '%s%s'%(self.mailBaseUrl,patt.group(1))
    time.sleep(1)
    res = urllib2.urlopen(url).read()
    Djson = json.JSONDecoder(encoding='utf8')
    jsonRes = Djson.decode(res)
    if 'resultVar' in jsonRes:
      content = Djson.decode(res)['resultVar']
    time.sleep(3)
    return content
 
 
'''
  Demon
'''
#初始化
mail163 = Email163()
#登录
mail163.login('lpe234@163.com','944898186')
time.sleep(2)
 
#获取收件箱
elist = mail163.getInBox()
 
#获取邮件内容
for i in elist:
  print '主题:%s  来自:%s 内容:\n%s'%(i['subject'].encode('utf8'),i['from'].encode('utf8'),mail163.getMailMsg(i['url']).encode('utf8'))

(5)需要登陆的情况

#1 cookie的处理
 
import urllib2, cookielib
cookie_support= urllib2.HTTPCookieProcessor(cookielib.CookieJar())
opener = urllib2.build_opener(cookie_support, urllib2.HTTPHandler)
urllib2.install_opener(opener)
content = urllib2.urlopen('http://XXXX').read()
 
#2 用代理和cookie
 
opener = urllib2.build_opener(proxy_support, cookie_support, urllib2.HTTPHandler)
 
#3 表单的处理
 
import urllib
postdata=urllib.urlencode({
  'username':'XXXXX',
  'password':'XXXXX',
  'continueURI':'http://www.verycd.com/',
  'fk':fk,
  'login_submit':'登录'
})
 
req = urllib2.Request(
  url = 'http://secure.verycd.com/signin/*/http://www.verycd.com/',
  data = postdata
)
result = urllib2.urlopen(req).read()
 
#4 伪装成浏览器访问
 
headers = {
  'User-Agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 6.1; en-US; rv:1.9.1.6) Gecko/20091201 Firefox/3.5.6'
}
req = urllib2.Request(
  url = 'http://secure.verycd.com/signin/*/http://www.verycd.com/',
  data = postdata,
  headers = headers
)
 
#5 反”反盗链”
 
headers = {
  'Referer':'http://www.cnbeta.com/articles'
}

(6)多线程

from threading import Thread
from Queue import Queue
from time import sleep
#q是任务队列
#NUM是并发线程总数
#JOBS是有多少任务
q = Queue()
NUM = 2
JOBS = 10
#具体的处理函数,负责处理单个任务
def do_somthing_using(arguments):
  print arguments
#这个是工作进程,负责不断从队列取数据并处理
def working():
  while True:
    arguments = q.get()
    do_somthing_using(arguments)
    sleep(1)
    q.task_done()
#fork NUM个线程等待队列
for i in range(NUM):
  t = Thread(target=working)
  t.setDaemon(True)
  t.start()
#把JOBS排入队列
for i in range(JOBS):
  q.put(i)
#等待所有JOBS完成
q.join()

scrapy框架
  Scrapy框架,Python开发的一个快速,高层次的屏幕抓取和web抓取框架,用于抓取web站点并从页面中提取结构化的数据。Scrapy用途广泛,可以用于数据挖掘、监测和自动化测试。

    刚开始学习这个框架。不太好评论。只是感觉这个框架有些Java的感觉,需要太多的其他模块的支持。

(一)创建 scrapy 项目

# 使用 scrapy startproject scrapy_test
├── scrapy_test
│  ├── scrapy.cfg
│  └── scrapy_test
│    ├── __init__.py
│    ├── items.py
│    ├── pipelines.py
│    ├── settings.py
│    └── spiders
│      ├── __init__.py
# 进行创建 scrapy 项目

(二)说明

scrapy.cfg: 项目配置文件
items.py: 需要提取的数据结构定义文件
pipelines.py:管道定义,用来对items里面提取的数据做进一步处理,如保存等
settings.py: 爬虫配置文件
spiders: 放置spider的目录
(三)依赖包

    依赖包比较麻烦。

# python-dev 包的安装
apt-get install python-dev
 
# twisted, w3lib, six, queuelib, cssselect, libxslt
 
pip install w3lib
pip install twisted
pip install lxml
apt-get install libxml2-dev libxslt-dev 
apt-get install python-lxml
pip install cssselect 
pip install pyOpenSSL 
sudo pip install service_identity
 
# 安装好之后,便可使用 scrapy startproject test 进行创建项目

(四)抓取实例。
(1)创建scrapy项目

dizzy@dizzy-pc:~/Python/spit$ scrapy startproject itzhaopin
New Scrapy project 'itzhaopin' created in:
  /home/dizzy/Python/spit/itzhaopin
 
You can start your first spider with:
  cd itzhaopin
  scrapy genspider example example.com
dizzy@dizzy-pc:~/Python/spit$ 
 
dizzy@dizzy-pc:~/Python/spit$ cd itzhaopin
dizzy@dizzy-pc:~/Python/spit/itzhaopin$ tree
.
├── itzhaopin
│  ├── __init__.py
│  ├── items.py
│  ├── pipelines.py
│  ├── settings.py
│  └── spiders
│    └── __init__.py
└── scrapy.cfg
 
# scrapy.cfg: 项http://my.oschina.net/lpe234/admin/new-blog目配置文件
# items.py: 需要提取的数据结构定义文件
# pipelines.py:管道定义,用来对items里面提取的数据做进一步处理,如保存等
# settings.py: 爬虫配置文件
# spiders: 放置spider的目录

        (2)定义要抓取的数据结构 items.py

from scrapy.item import Item, Field
# 定义我们要抓取的数据
class TencentItem(Item):
  name = Field() # 职位名称
  catalog = Field() # 职位类别
  workLocation = Field() # 工作地点
  recruitNumber = Field() # 招聘人数
  detailLink = Field() # 职位详情链接
  publishTime = Field() # 发布时间

 (3)实现Spider类

  •  Spider是继承自 scarpy.contrib.spiders.CrawlSpider 的Python类,有3个必须定义的成员。
  •  name : 名称,spider的标识。
  • start_urls :  一个url列表,spider从这些网页开始抓取
  • parse() : 一个方法。当start_urls里面的网页抓取下来之后需要调用这个方法来解析网页内容,同时需要返回下一个需要抓取的网页,或者返回items列表。

        在spiders目录下面新建一个spider,tencent_spider.py :

#coding=utf-8
 
from scrapy.spider import BaseSpider
 
 
class DmozSpider(BaseSpider):
  name = 'dmoz'
  allowed_domains = ['dmoz.org']
  start_urls = [
    'http://www.dmoz.org/Computers/Programming/Languages/Python/Books/',
    'http://www.dmoz.org/Computers/Programming/Languages/Python/Resources/'
  ]
 
  def parse(self, response):
    filename = response.url.split('/')[-2]
    open(filename, 'wb').write(response.info)

 这个简单一些。 使用scrapy crawl dmoz # 即可运行spider

Statement
The content of this article is voluntarily contributed by netizens, and the copyright belongs to the original author. This site does not assume corresponding legal responsibility. If you find any content suspected of plagiarism or infringement, please contact admin@php.cn
Python: compiler or Interpreter?Python: compiler or Interpreter?May 13, 2025 am 12:10 AM

Python is an interpreted language, but it also includes the compilation process. 1) Python code is first compiled into bytecode. 2) Bytecode is interpreted and executed by Python virtual machine. 3) This hybrid mechanism makes Python both flexible and efficient, but not as fast as a fully compiled language.

Python For Loop vs While Loop: When to Use Which?Python For Loop vs While Loop: When to Use Which?May 13, 2025 am 12:07 AM

Useaforloopwheniteratingoverasequenceorforaspecificnumberoftimes;useawhileloopwhencontinuinguntilaconditionismet.Forloopsareidealforknownsequences,whilewhileloopssuitsituationswithundeterminediterations.

Python loops: The most common errorsPython loops: The most common errorsMay 13, 2025 am 12:07 AM

Pythonloopscanleadtoerrorslikeinfiniteloops,modifyinglistsduringiteration,off-by-oneerrors,zero-indexingissues,andnestedloopinefficiencies.Toavoidthese:1)Use'i

For loop and while loop in Python: What are the advantages of each?For loop and while loop in Python: What are the advantages of each?May 13, 2025 am 12:01 AM

Forloopsareadvantageousforknowniterationsandsequences,offeringsimplicityandreadability;whileloopsareidealfordynamicconditionsandunknowniterations,providingcontrolovertermination.1)Forloopsareperfectforiteratingoverlists,tuples,orstrings,directlyacces

Python: A Deep Dive into Compilation and InterpretationPython: A Deep Dive into Compilation and InterpretationMay 12, 2025 am 12:14 AM

Pythonusesahybridmodelofcompilationandinterpretation:1)ThePythoninterpretercompilessourcecodeintoplatform-independentbytecode.2)ThePythonVirtualMachine(PVM)thenexecutesthisbytecode,balancingeaseofusewithperformance.

Is Python an interpreted or a compiled language, and why does it matter?Is Python an interpreted or a compiled language, and why does it matter?May 12, 2025 am 12:09 AM

Pythonisbothinterpretedandcompiled.1)It'scompiledtobytecodeforportabilityacrossplatforms.2)Thebytecodeistheninterpreted,allowingfordynamictypingandrapiddevelopment,thoughitmaybeslowerthanfullycompiledlanguages.

For Loop vs While Loop in Python: Key Differences ExplainedFor Loop vs While Loop in Python: Key Differences ExplainedMay 12, 2025 am 12:08 AM

Forloopsareidealwhenyouknowthenumberofiterationsinadvance,whilewhileloopsarebetterforsituationswhereyouneedtoloopuntilaconditionismet.Forloopsaremoreefficientandreadable,suitableforiteratingoversequences,whereaswhileloopsoffermorecontrolandareusefulf

For and While loops: a practical guideFor and While loops: a practical guideMay 12, 2025 am 12:07 AM

Forloopsareusedwhenthenumberofiterationsisknowninadvance,whilewhileloopsareusedwhentheiterationsdependonacondition.1)Forloopsareidealforiteratingoversequenceslikelistsorarrays.2)Whileloopsaresuitableforscenarioswheretheloopcontinuesuntilaspecificcond

See all articles

Hot AI Tools

Undresser.AI Undress

Undresser.AI Undress

AI-powered app for creating realistic nude photos

AI Clothes Remover

AI Clothes Remover

Online AI tool for removing clothes from photos.

Undress AI Tool

Undress AI Tool

Undress images for free

Clothoff.io

Clothoff.io

AI clothes remover

Video Face Swap

Video Face Swap

Swap faces in any video effortlessly with our completely free AI face swap tool!

Hot Article

Hot Tools

SublimeText3 Mac version

SublimeText3 Mac version

God-level code editing software (SublimeText3)

Dreamweaver CS6

Dreamweaver CS6

Visual web development tools

WebStorm Mac version

WebStorm Mac version

Useful JavaScript development tools

PhpStorm Mac version

PhpStorm Mac version

The latest (2018.2.1) professional PHP integrated development tool

mPDF

mPDF

mPDF is a PHP library that can generate PDF files from UTF-8 encoded HTML. The original author, Ian Back, wrote mPDF to output PDF files "on the fly" from his website and handle different languages. It is slower than original scripts like HTML2FPDF and produces larger files when using Unicode fonts, but supports CSS styles etc. and has a lot of enhancements. Supports almost all languages, including RTL (Arabic and Hebrew) and CJK (Chinese, Japanese and Korean). Supports nested block-level elements (such as P, DIV),