本文分析了mysqld进程关闭的过程,以及如何安全、缓和地关闭MySQL实例,对这个过程不甚清楚的同学可以参考下。 关闭过程: 1、发起shutdown,发出 SIGTERM信号 2、有必要的话,新建一个关闭线程(shutdown thread) 如果是客户端发起的关闭,则会新建一个专用
本文分析了mysqld进程关闭的过程,以及如何安全、缓和地关闭MySQL实例,对这个过程不甚清楚的同学可以参考下。
关闭过程:如果是客户端发起的关闭,则会新建一个专用的关闭线程
如果是直接收到 SIGTERM 信号进行关闭的话,专门负责信号处理的线程就会负责关闭工作,或者新建一个独立的线程负责这个事
当无法创建独立的关闭线程时(例如内存不足),MySQL Server会发出类似下面的告警信息:
Error: Can’t create thread to kill server
关闭TCP/IP网络监听,关闭Unix Socket等渠道
空闲连接,将立刻被终止;
当前还有事务、SQL活动的连接,会将其标识为 killed,并定期检查其状态,以便下次检查时将其关闭;(参考 KILL 语法)
当前有活跃事务的,该事物会被回滚,如果该事务中还修改了非事务表,则已经修改的数据无法回滚,可能只会完成部分变更;
如果是Master/Slave复制场景里的Master,则对复制线程的处理过程和普通线程也是一样的;
如果是Master/Slave复制场景里的Slave,则会依次关闭IO、SQL线程,如果这2个线程当前是活跃的,则也会加上 killed 标识,然后再关闭;
Slave服务器上,SQL线程是允许直接停止当前的SQL操作的(为了避免复制问题),然后再关闭该线程;
在MySQl 5.0.80及以前的版本里,如果SQL线程当时正好执行一个事务到中间,该事务会回滚;从5.0.81开始,则会等待所有的操作结束,除非用户发起KILL操作。
当Slave的SQL线程对非事务表执行操作时被强制 KILL了,可能会导致Master、Slave数据不一致;
刷新所有表cache,关闭所有打开的表;
每个存储引擎各自负责相关的关闭操作,例如MyISAM会刷新所有等待写入的操作;InnoDB会将buffer pool刷新到磁盘中(从MySQL 5.0.5开始,如果innodb_fast_shutdown不设置为 2 的话),把当前的LSN记录到表空间中,然后关闭所有的内部线程。
从5.0开始,KILL 支持指定 CONNECTION | QUERY两种可选项:
提交KILL操作后,该线程上会设置一个特殊的 kill标记位。通常需要一段时间后才能真正关闭线程,因为kill标记位只在特定的情况下才检查:
安全关闭MySQL几点建议想要安全关闭 mysqld 服务进程,建议按照下面的步骤来进行:
啰嗦那么多,其实正常情况下执行 mysqladmin shutdown 就够了,如果发生阻塞,再参考上面的内容进行分析和解决吧,哈哈:)

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The difference between MySQL and SQLServer is: 1) MySQL is open source and suitable for web and embedded systems, 2) SQLServer is a commercial product of Microsoft and is suitable for enterprise-level applications. There are significant differences between the two in storage engine, performance optimization and application scenarios. When choosing, you need to consider project size and future scalability.

In enterprise-level application scenarios that require high availability, advanced security and good integration, SQLServer should be chosen instead of MySQL. 1) SQLServer provides enterprise-level features such as high availability and advanced security. 2) It is closely integrated with Microsoft ecosystems such as VisualStudio and PowerBI. 3) SQLServer performs excellent in performance optimization and supports memory-optimized tables and column storage indexes.

MySQLmanagescharactersetsandcollationsbyusingUTF-8asthedefault,allowingconfigurationatdatabase,table,andcolumnlevels,andrequiringcarefulalignmenttoavoidmismatches.1)Setdefaultcharactersetandcollationforadatabase.2)Configurecharactersetandcollationfor

A MySQL trigger is an automatically executed stored procedure associated with a table that is used to perform a series of operations when a specific data operation is performed. 1) Trigger definition and function: used for data verification, logging, etc. 2) Working principle: It is divided into BEFORE and AFTER, and supports row-level triggering. 3) Example of use: Can be used to record salary changes or update inventory. 4) Debugging skills: Use SHOWTRIGGERS and SHOWCREATETRIGGER commands. 5) Performance optimization: Avoid complex operations, use indexes, and manage transactions.

The steps to create and manage user accounts in MySQL are as follows: 1. Create a user: Use CREATEUSER'newuser'@'localhost'IDENTIFIEDBY'password'; 2. Assign permissions: Use GRANTSELECT, INSERT, UPDATEONmydatabase.TO'newuser'@'localhost'; 3. Fix permission error: Use REVOKEALLPRIVILEGESONmydatabase.FROM'newuser'@'localhost'; then reassign permissions; 4. Optimization permissions: Use SHOWGRA

MySQL is suitable for rapid development and small and medium-sized applications, while Oracle is suitable for large enterprises and high availability needs. 1) MySQL is open source and easy to use, suitable for web applications and small and medium-sized enterprises. 2) Oracle is powerful and suitable for large enterprises and government agencies. 3) MySQL supports a variety of storage engines, and Oracle provides rich enterprise-level functions.

The disadvantages of MySQL compared to other relational databases include: 1. Performance issues: You may encounter bottlenecks when processing large-scale data, and PostgreSQL performs better in complex queries and big data processing. 2. Scalability: The horizontal scaling ability is not as good as Google Spanner and Amazon Aurora. 3. Functional limitations: Not as good as PostgreSQL and Oracle in advanced functions, some functions require more custom code and maintenance.


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