PL/SQL是ORACLE对标准数据库语言的扩展,ORACLE公司已经将PL/SQL整合到ORACLE 服务器和其他工具中了,近几年中更多的开发人员和D
PL/SQL是Oracle对标准数据库语言的扩展,ORACLE公司已经将PL/SQL整合到ORACLE 服务器和其他工具中了,近几年中更多的开发人员和DBA开始使用PL/SQL,本文将讲述PL/SQL基础语法,结构和组件、以及如何设计并执行一个PL/SQL程序。
PL/SQL的优点
从版本6开始PL/SQL就被可靠的整合到ORACLE中了,一旦掌握PL/SQL的优点以及其独有的数据管理的便利性,那么你很难想象ORACLE缺了PL/SQL的情形。PL/SQL 不是一个独立的产品,他是一个整合到ORACLE服务器和ORACLE工具中的技术,可以把PL/SQL看作ORACLE服务器内的一个引擎,sql语句执行者处理单个的sql语句,PL/SQL引擎处理PL/SQL程序块。当PL/SQL程序块在PL/SQL引擎处理时,ORACLE服务器中的SQL语句执行器处理pl/sql程序块中的SQL语句。
PL/SQL的优点如下:
. PL/SQL是一种高性能的基于事务处理的语言,能运行在任何ORACLE环境中,支持所有数据处理命令。通过使用PL/SQL程序单元处理SQL的数据定义和数据控制元素。
. PL/SQL支持所有SQL数据类型和所有SQL函数,同时支持所有ORACLE对象类型
. PL/SQL块可以被命名和存储在ORACLE服务器中,同时也能被其他的PL/SQL程序或SQL命令调用,任何客户/服务器工具都能访问PL/SQL程序,具有很好的可重用性。
. 可以使用ORACLE数据工具管理存储在服务器中的PL/SQL程序的安全性。可以授权或撤销数据库其他用户访问PL/SQL程序的能力。
. PL/SQL代码可以使用任何ASCII文本编辑器编写,所以对任何ORACLE能够运行的操作系统都是非常便利的
. 对于SQL,ORACLE必须在同一时间处理每一条SQL语句,在网络环境下这就意味作每一个独立的调用都必须被oracle服务器处理,这就占用大量的服务器时间,同时导致网络拥挤。而PL/SQL是以整个语句块发给服务器,这就降低了网络拥挤。
PL/SQL块结构
PL/SQL是一种块结构的语言,组成PL/SQL程序的单元是逻辑块,一个PL/SQL 程序包含了一个或多个逻辑块,每个块都可以划分为三个部分。与其他语言相同,变量在使用之前必须声明,PL/SQL提供了独立的专门用于处理异常的部分,下面描述了PL/SQL块的不同部分:
声明部分(Declaration section)
声明部分包含了变量和常量的数据类型和初始值。这个部分是由关键字DECLARE开始,如果不需要声明变量或常量,那么可以忽略这一部分;需要说明的是游标的声明也在这一部分。
执行部分(Executable section)
执行部分是PL/SQL块中的指令部分,由关键字BEGIN开始,所有的可执行语句都放在这一部分,其他的PL/SQL块也可以放在这一部分。
异常处理部分(Exception section)
这一部分是可选的,在这一部分中处理异常或错误,对异常处理的详细讨论我们在后面进行。
PL/SQL块语法
[DECLARE]
---declaration statements
BEGIN
---executable statements
[EXCEPTION]
---exception statements
END
PL/SQL块中的每一条语句都必须以分号结束,SQL语句可以使多行的,但分号表示该语句的结束。一行中可以有多条SQL语句,他们之间以分号分隔。每一个PL/SQL块由BEGIN或DECLARE开始,,以END结束。注释由--标示。
PL/SQL块的命名和匿名
PL/SQL程序块可以是一个命名的程序块也可以是一个匿名程序块。匿名程序块可以用在服务器端也可以用在客户端。
命名程序块可以出现在其他PL/SQL程序块的声明部分,这方面比较明显的是子程序,子程序可以在执行部分引用,也可以在异常处理部分引用。
PL/SQL程序块可背独立编译并存储在数据库中,任何与数据库相连接的应用程序都可以访问这些存储的PL/SQL程序块。ORACLE提供了四种类型的可存储的程序:
. 函数
. 过程
. 包
. 触发器
函数
函数是命名了的、存储在数据库中的PL/SQL程序块。函数接受零个或多个输入参数,有一个返回值,返回值的数据类型在创建函数时定义。定义函数的语法如下:
FUNCTION name [{parameter[,parameter,...])] RETURN datatypes IS
[local declarations]
BEGIN
execute statements
[EXCEPTION
exception handlers]
END [name]
过程
存储过程是一个PL/SQL程序块,接受零个或多个参数作为输入(INPUT)或输出(OUTPUT)、或既作输入又作输出(INOUT),与函数不同,存储过程没有返回值,存储过程不能由SQL语句直接使用,只能通过EXECUT命令或PL/SQL程序块内部调用,定义存储过程的语法如下:
PROCEDURE name [(parameter[,parameter,...])] IS
[local declarations]
BEGIN
execute statements
[EXCEPTION
exception handlers ]
END [name]
包(package)
本文永久更新链接地址:

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