三、数据库的关闭（SHUTDOWN） 对于数据库的关闭，有四种不同的关闭选项，下面对其进行一一介绍。 1、SHUTDOWN NORMAL 这是数据库关闭SHUTDOWN命令的确省选项。也就是说假如您发出SHUTDOWN这样的命令，也即是SHUTDOWN NORNAL的意思。 发出该命令后，任何新的
三、数据库的关闭（SHUTDOWN）
对于数据库的关闭，有四种不同的关闭选项，下面对其进行一一介绍。
1、SHUTDOWN NORMAL
这是数据库关闭SHUTDOWN命令的确省选项。也就是说假如您发出SHUTDOWN这样的命令，也即是SHUTDOWN NORNAL的意思。
发出该命令后，任何新的连接都将再不允许连接到数据库。在数据库关闭之前，Oracle将等待现在连接的任何用户都从数据库中退出后才开始关闭数据库。采用这种方式关闭数据库，在下一次启动时无需进行任何的实例恢复。但需要注意一点的是，采用这种方式，也许关闭一个数据库需要几天时间，也许更长。
2、SHUTDOWN IMMEDIATE
这是我们常用的一种关闭数据库的方式，想很快地关闭数据库，但又想让数据库干净的关闭，常采用这种方式。
当前正在被Oracle处理的SQL语句立即中断，系统中任何没有提交的事务全部回滚。假如系统中存在一个很长的未提交的事务，采用这种方式关闭数据库也需要一段时间（该事务回滚时间）。系统不等待连接到数据库的任何用户退出系统，强行回滚当前任何的活动事务，然后断开任何的连接用户。
3、SHUTDOWN TRANSACTIONAL
该选项仅在Oracle 8i后才能够使用。该命令常用来计划关闭数据库，他使当前连接到系统且正在活动的事务执行完毕，运行该命令后，任何新的连接和事务都是不允许的。在任何活动的事务完成后，数据库将和SHUTDOWN
IMMEDIATE同样的方式关闭数据库。
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