一、所有的PL/SQL异常都具有以下几个基本特征: 错误类型:表示了错误是ORA错误还是PLS错误 错误代号:一串表示错误代号的数字 错误文本:错误消息文本,包括错误代号 二、PL/SQL会产生两种类型的错误 : ORA错误 PLS错误 ORA错误通常是运行时的错误,应该由
一、所有的PL/SQL异常都具有以下几个基本特征:
错误类型:表示了错误是ORA错误还是PLS错误
错误代号:一串表示错误代号的数字
错误文本:错误消息文本,包括错误代号
二、PL/SQL会产生两种类型的错误:
ORA错误
PLS错误
ORA错误通常是运行时的错误,应该由程序来处理。
PLS错误通常是编译错误,应该在执行程序之前进行处理。
--:使用PL/SQL语句块输出99乘法表
--dbms_output.put_line()
declare
v_i number;
v_k number;
v_j number;
begin
for v_i in 1..9 loop
v_j:=1;
while v_j
v_k:=v_i*v_j;
dbms_output.put_line('v_j'||v_j||'*'||'v_i'||v_i||'='||'v_k'||v_k);
v_j:=v_j+1;
end loop;
dbms_output.put_line(chr(10));
end loop;
end;
--:使用Select ename into v_ename from emp where deptno=&no;
-- 出现多行值的异常(TOO_MANY_ROWS),使用异常处理打印错误代码和错误信息;注意最后使用others收尾
declare
v_ename emp.ename%type;
begin
select ename into v_ename from emp where deptno=&no;
dbms_output.put_line('v_ename:'||v_ename);
-- if v_ename = 'chen'
-- then dbms_output.put_line('v_ename:'||v_ename);
--else
-- dbms_output.put_line('too_many_rows:'||sqlerrm);
--end if;
exception
when TOO_MANY_ROWS then
dbms_output.put_line('多值异常'||sqlerrm);
when others then
dbms_output.put_line('其他异常');
end;
--:通过输入的员工编号,使用%rowtype类型定义一个emp表的行类型,并输出员工编号、名字、工资、部门编号。
-- 注意处理没有查到数据的异常(no_data_found)
declare
v_emp emp%rowtype;
begin
select * into v_emp from emp where empno=&员工编号;
dbms_output.put_line('v_empno:'||v_emp.empno ||'v_empname:'||v_emp.ename||'v_empsal'||v_emp.sal||'v_empdeptno:'||v_emp.deptno);
exception
when no_data_found then
dbms_output.put_line('异常:没找到数据'||sqlerrm);
when others then
dbms_output.put_line('其他异常');
end;

MySQL uses a GPL license. 1) The GPL license allows the free use, modification and distribution of MySQL, but the modified distribution must comply with GPL. 2) Commercial licenses can avoid public modifications and are suitable for commercial applications that require confidentiality.

The situations when choosing InnoDB instead of MyISAM include: 1) transaction support, 2) high concurrency environment, 3) high data consistency; conversely, the situation when choosing MyISAM includes: 1) mainly read operations, 2) no transaction support is required. InnoDB is suitable for applications that require high data consistency and transaction processing, such as e-commerce platforms, while MyISAM is suitable for read-intensive and transaction-free applications such as blog systems.

In MySQL, the function of foreign keys is to establish the relationship between tables and ensure the consistency and integrity of the data. Foreign keys maintain the effectiveness of data through reference integrity checks and cascading operations. Pay attention to performance optimization and avoid common errors when using them.

There are four main index types in MySQL: B-Tree index, hash index, full-text index and spatial index. 1.B-Tree index is suitable for range query, sorting and grouping, and is suitable for creation on the name column of the employees table. 2. Hash index is suitable for equivalent queries and is suitable for creation on the id column of the hash_table table of the MEMORY storage engine. 3. Full text index is used for text search, suitable for creation on the content column of the articles table. 4. Spatial index is used for geospatial query, suitable for creation on geom columns of locations table.

TocreateanindexinMySQL,usetheCREATEINDEXstatement.1)Forasinglecolumn,use"CREATEINDEXidx_lastnameONemployees(lastname);"2)Foracompositeindex,use"CREATEINDEXidx_nameONemployees(lastname,firstname);"3)Forauniqueindex,use"CREATEU

The main difference between MySQL and SQLite is the design concept and usage scenarios: 1. MySQL is suitable for large applications and enterprise-level solutions, supporting high performance and high concurrency; 2. SQLite is suitable for mobile applications and desktop software, lightweight and easy to embed.

Indexes in MySQL are an ordered structure of one or more columns in a database table, used to speed up data retrieval. 1) Indexes improve query speed by reducing the amount of scanned data. 2) B-Tree index uses a balanced tree structure, which is suitable for range query and sorting. 3) Use CREATEINDEX statements to create indexes, such as CREATEINDEXidx_customer_idONorders(customer_id). 4) Composite indexes can optimize multi-column queries, such as CREATEINDEXidx_customer_orderONorders(customer_id,order_date). 5) Use EXPLAIN to analyze query plans and avoid

Using transactions in MySQL ensures data consistency. 1) Start the transaction through STARTTRANSACTION, and then execute SQL operations and submit it with COMMIT or ROLLBACK. 2) Use SAVEPOINT to set a save point to allow partial rollback. 3) Performance optimization suggestions include shortening transaction time, avoiding large-scale queries and using isolation levels reasonably.


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