使用函数可以完成一系列的操作。数据库之间的不同,在于对函数的支持上是不一样。 本次笔记学习函数。函数分为单行函数和多行函数,此处重点学习单行函数。 单行函数分类: 字符函数 数值函数 日期函数 转换函数 通用函数 字符函数:又分为大小写控制函数
使用函数可以完成一系列的操作。数据库之间的不同,在于对函数的支持上是不一样。
本次笔记学习函数。函数分为单行函数和多行函数,此处重点学习单行函数。
单行函数分类:
字符函数
数值函数
日期函数
转换函数
通用函数
字符函数:又分为大小写控制函数和字符控制函数
1)大小写空值函数:
LOWER()
UPPER()
INITCAP()
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SQL> select lower('SQL COURSE') , upper('sql course') , initcap('SQL course') from dual ;
LOWER('SQLCOURSE') UPPER('SQLCOURSE') INITCAP('SQLCOURSE')
------------------ ------------------ --------------------
sql course SQL COURSE Sql Course
通过上面的查询结果,看出:
Lower() 函数的作用是:将字符转换为小写。
Upper()函数的作用是:将字符转换为大写。
Initcap()函数的作用是:将字符的首字母转换为大写。
例:查询名字是king的雇员信息 ,由于不确定数据库中名字的大小写形式,我们引入lower函数和 upper()函数,来保证查询的有效性。
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SQL> select * from emp where lower(ename) = 'king' ;
EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO
----- ---------- --------- ----- ----------- --------- --------- ------
7839 KING PRESIDENT 1981/11/17 5000.00 10
SQL> select * from emp where ename = upper('king' );
EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO
----- ---------- --------- ----- ----------- --------- --------- ------
7839 KING PRESIDENT 1981/11/17 5000.00 10
例:将查询结果字符的首字母转换为大写形式,使用initcap 函数。
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SQL> select initcap(ename) from emp where ename = 'KING';
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INITCAP(ENAME)
--------------
King
字符控制函数:
concat()
substr()
length()
replace()
例:字符串除了使用‘||’连接之外,还可以使用concat() 函数进行连接 。
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SQL> select concat('Hello ' , 'world' ) from dual ;
CONCAT('HELLO','WORLD')
-----------------------
Hello world
SQL> select substr('hello' , 1 , 2) ,length('world') , replace('sql' , 'q' , 'X') from dual ;
SUBSTR('HELLO',1,2) LENGTH('WORLD') REPLACE('SQL','Q','X')
------------------- --------------- ----------------------
he 5 sXl
上例中我们可以看到 substr()的作用是截取字符串,在字符串的后面跟两个参数,第一个参数表示的是要截取的
起始位置,第二个参数表示的是截取的个数,length()函数返回的是字符串的长度。replace() 字符串后面跟两
个参数,第一个参数表示要替换的字母,第二个参数表示将第一个字母换为第二个字母。
另外Oracle还支持倒着截取字符串的方式:
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SQL> select ename ,substr(ename ,-3 ) from emp where deptno = 10 ;
ENAME SUBSTR(ENAME,-3)
---------- ----------------
CLARK ARK
KING ING
MILLER LER
数值函数:
round():四舍五入函数
trunc():截断小数位函数
mod() :取余函数
例:
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SQL> select round(234.12 , 2) , round(234.324) , round(234.25 , -2) from dual;
ROUND(234.12,2) ROUND(234.324) ROUND(234.25,-2)
--------------- -------------- ----------------
234.12 234 200
后面的参数 2 表示保留小数点后两位,如果不写,默认为零,-2 表示对小数点前面的数进行四舍五入ROUND(234.25,-2) , 4 舍去,3 舍去得到200。
例:
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SQL> select trunc(234.12 , 2) , trunc(234.324) , trunc(248.25 , -2) from dual;
TRUNC(234.12,2) TRUNC(234.324) TRUNC(248.25,-2)
--------------- -------------- ----------------

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