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HomeDatabaseMysql TutorialOracle学习笔记4--单行函数

使用函数可以完成一系列的操作。数据库之间的不同,在于对函数的支持上是不一样。 本次笔记学习函数。函数分为单行函数和多行函数,此处重点学习单行函数。 单行函数分类: 字符函数 数值函数 日期函数 转换函数 通用函数 字符函数:又分为大小写控制函数

  使用函数可以完成一系列的操作。数据库之间的不同,在于对函数的支持上是不一样。

  本次笔记学习函数。函数分为单行函数和多行函数,此处重点学习单行函数。

  单行函数分类:

  字符函数

  数值函数

  日期函数

  转换函数

  通用函数

  字符函数:又分为大小写控制函数和字符控制函数

  1)大小写空值函数:

  LOWER()

  UPPER()

  INITCAP()

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SQL> select lower('SQL COURSE') , upper('sql course') , initcap('SQL course') from dual ;

  

LOWER('SQLCOURSE') UPPER('SQLCOURSE') INITCAP('SQLCOURSE')

------------------ ------------------ --------------------

sql course         SQL COURSE         Sql Course

  通过上面的查询结果,看出:

  Lower() 函数的作用是:将字符转换为小写。

  Upper()函数的作用是:将字符转换为大写。

  Initcap()函数的作用是:将字符的首字母转换为大写。

  例:查询名字是king的雇员信息 ,由于不确定数据库中名字的大小写形式,我们引入lower函数和 upper()函数,来保证查询的有效性。

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SQL> select * from emp  where lower(ename) = 'king' ;

  

EMPNO ENAME      JOB         MGR HIREDATE          SAL      COMM DEPTNO

----- ---------- --------- ----- ----------- --------- --------- ------

 7839 KING       PRESIDENT       1981/11/17    5000.00               10

 

SQL> select * from emp  where ename = upper('king' );

  

EMPNO ENAME      JOB         MGR HIREDATE          SAL      COMM DEPTNO

----- ---------- --------- ----- ----------- --------- --------- ------

 7839 KING       PRESIDENT       1981/11/17    5000.00               10

  例:将查询结果字符的首字母转换为大写形式,使用initcap 函数。

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SQL> select initcap(ename) from emp where ename = 'KING';

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INITCAP(ENAME)

--------------

King

  字符控制函数:

  concat()

  substr()

  length()

  replace()

  例:字符串除了使用‘||’连接之外,还可以使用concat() 函数进行连接 。

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SQL> select concat('Hello ' , 'world'  ) from  dual ;

  

CONCAT('HELLO','WORLD')

-----------------------

Hello world

 

SQL> select substr('hello' , 1 , 2) ,length('world') , replace('sql' , 'q' , 'X') from dual ;

  

SUBSTR('HELLO',1,2) LENGTH('WORLD') REPLACE('SQL','Q','X')

------------------- --------------- ----------------------

    he                   5      sXl

  上例中我们可以看到 substr()的作用是截取字符串,在字符串的后面跟两个参数,第一个参数表示的是要截取的

  起始位置,第二个参数表示的是截取的个数,length()函数返回的是字符串的长度。replace() 字符串后面跟两

  个参数,第一个参数表示要替换的字母,第二个参数表示将第一个字母换为第二个字母。

  另外Oracle还支持倒着截取字符串的方式:

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SQL> select ename ,substr(ename ,-3 ) from emp  where deptno = 10 ;

  

ENAME      SUBSTR(ENAME,-3)

---------- ----------------

CLARK      ARK

KING       ING

MILLER     LER

  数值函数:

  round():四舍五入函数

  trunc():截断小数位函数

  mod() :取余函数

  例:

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SQL> select round(234.12 , 2) , round(234.324) , round(234.25 , -2) from dual;

  

ROUND(234.12,2) ROUND(234.324) ROUND(234.25,-2)

--------------- -------------- ----------------

    234.12            234              200

  后面的参数 2 表示保留小数点后两位,如果不写,默认为零,-2 表示对小数点前面的数进行四舍五入ROUND(234.25,-2) , 4 舍去,3 舍去得到200。

  例:

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SQL> select trunc(234.12 , 2) , trunc(234.324) , trunc(248.25 , -2) from dual;

  

TRUNC(234.12,2) TRUNC(234.324) TRUNC(248.25,-2)

--------------- -------------- ----------------

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