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在最近的一个项目中,采用了微服务架构-go-kit
进行后端的开发。在微服务架构风格中,一个大应用被拆分成为了多个小的服务系统提供出来,这些小的系统他们可以自成体系,也就是说这些小系统可以拥有自己的数据库,框架甚至语言等,因此我们需要设计一个API 网关(API Gataway),其实网上已经有较多现成的实现框架,但是本项目的需求是比较简单的,因此将使用Golang
自行实现。
API网关是一个服务器,是系统的唯一入口。从面向对象设计的角度看,它与外观模式类似。API网关封装了系统内部架构,为每个客户端提供一个定制的API。它可能还具有其它职责,如身份验证、监控、负载均衡、缓存、请求分片与管理、静态响应处理。
用于实现API网关的技术有很多,大致分为这么几类:
Nginx
、Haproxy
、……Netty
、Servlet
、……Spring Cloud Gateway
、Zuul
、Zuul2
、……API网关最基本的功能就是反向代理。其实现方式有很多,本文将基于标准库net/http/httputil
包中的ReverseProxy
类型来实现实现一个简单的反向代理。反向代理的实现主要涉及到func NewSingleHostReverseProxy(target *url.URL) *ReverseProxy
和type ReverseProxy
。
func NewSingleHostReverseProxy(target *url.URL) *ReverseProxy
// NewSingleHostReverseProxy returns a new ReverseProxy that routes// URLs to the scheme, host, and base path provided in target. If the// target's path is "/base" and the incoming request was for "/dir",// the target request will be for /base/dir.// NewSingleHostReverseProxy does not rewrite the Host header.// To rewrite Host headers, use ReverseProxy directly with a custom// Director policy.func NewSingleHostReverseProxy(target *url.URL) *ReverseProxy { targetQuery := target.RawQuery director := func(req *http.Request) { req.URL.Scheme = target.Scheme req.URL.Host = target.Host req.URL.Path = singleJoiningSlash(target.Path, req.URL.Path) if targetQuery == "" || req.URL.RawQuery == "" { req.URL.RawQuery = targetQuery + req.URL.RawQuery } else { req.URL.RawQuery = targetQuery + "&" + req.URL.RawQuery } if _, ok := req.Header["User-Agent"]; !ok { // explicitly disable User-Agent so it's not set to default value req.Header.Set("User-Agent", "") } } return &ReverseProxy{Director: director}}
NewSingleHostReverseProxy
返回一个新的ReverseProxy
,将URLs
请求路由到targe
的指定的scheme
, host
, base path
。
// ReverseProxy is an HTTP Handler that takes an incoming request and// sends it to another server, proxying the response back to the// client.type ReverseProxy struct { // Director must be a function which modifies // the request into a new request to be sent // using Transport. Its response is then copied // back to the original client unmodified. // Director must not access the provided Request // after returning. Director func(*http.Request) Transport http.RoundTripper FlushInterval time.Duration ErrorLog *log.Logger BufferPool BufferPool // ModifyResponse is an optional function that modifies the // Response from the backend. It is called if the backend // returns a response at all, with any HTTP status code. // If the backend is unreachable, the optional ErrorHandler is // called without any call to ModifyResponse. // // If ModifyResponse returns an error, ErrorHandler is called // with its error value. If ErrorHandler is nil, its default // implementation is used. ModifyResponse func(*http.Response) error ErrorHandler func(http.ResponseWriter, *http.Request, error)}
ReverseProxy
类型有两个重要的属性,分别是Director
和ModifyResponse
,这两个属性都是函数类型,在接收到客户端请求时,ServeHTTP
函数首先调用Director
函数对接受到的请求体进行修改,例如修改请求的目标地址、请求头等;然后使用修改后的请求体发起新的请求,接收到响应后,调用ModifyResponse
函数对响应进行修改,最后将修改后的响应体拷贝并响应给客户端,这样就实现了反向代理的整个流程。
在NewSingleHostReverseProxy
中源码已经对传入的URLs
进行解析并且完成了Director
的修改,我们只需要调用NewSingleHostReverseProxy
函数并且传入目标服务器的URL即可,一个简单的反向代理就完成了啦。
实例代码只涉及微服务中
user
与auth
模块,可以根据实际需求自行修改部分
package mainimport ( "fmt" "log" "net/http" "net/http/httputil" "net/url" "strings")type handle struct { host string port string}type Service struct { auth *handle user *handle}func (this *Service) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { var remote *url.URL if strings.Contains(r.RequestURI, "api/auth") { remote, _ = url.Parse("http://" + this.auth.host + ":" + this.auth.port) } else if strings.Contains(r.RequestURI, "api/user") { remote, _ = url.Parse("http://" + this.user.host + ":" + this.user.port) } else { fmt.Fprintf(w, "404 Not Found") return } proxy := httputil.NewSingleHostReverseProxy(remote) proxy.ServeHTTP(w, r)}func startServer() { // 注册被代理的服务器 (host, port) service := &Service{ auth: &handle{host: "127.0.0.1", port: "8081"}, user: &handle{host: "127.0.0.1", port: "8082"}, } err := http.ListenAndServe(":8888", service) if err != nil { log.Fatalln("ListenAndServe: ", err) }}func main() { startServer()}
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