Panduan Penyelesaian Masalah untuk Mmdebstrap: Memperbaiki masalah biasa

mmdebstrap adalah alat untuk mewujudkan imej sistem berasaskan Debian (sistem fail root) dengan cara yang minimum dan cekap. Ia direka untuk menjadi mudah, cepat, dan ringan, menjadikannya ideal untuk mewujudkan imej sistem kecil dan tersuai untuk bekas, mesin maya, atau sistem tertanam. Jika anda sering menggunakan MMDebstrap untuk membuat sistem berasaskan debian yang minimum, panduan ini akan membantu anda menyelesaikan masalah dan membetulkan isu-isu yang paling biasa yang mungkin anda hadapi.

1. Tidak boleh membuat /dev /null: Kebenaran ditolak

Masalah:
• Penyelesaian:
  Kenapa ini berfungsi:
  2. Alat GPG yang hilang (GPGV tidak dijumpai)
Masalah:
• Penyelesaian:
  Kenapa ini berfungsi:
  3. Kesilapan pengesahan repositori
Masalah:
• Penyelesaian:
  Kenapa ini berfungsi:
  4. Isu Rangkaian Di dalam Chroot
Masalah:
• Penyelesaian:
  • Kenapa ini berfungsi:
  5. Pakej Essential Hilang
  Masalah:
Penyelesaian:
• Kenapa ini berfungsi:
  6. Unmounting /dev selepas digunakan
  Masalah:
  Penyelesaian:
• • 7. Menggunakan mmdebstrap dengan -include
  • Masalah:
  Penyelesaian:
• • 8. Membersihkan Selepas Ujian
  • Masalah:
  Penyelesaian:
• • 9. Automasi Proses (Pilihan)
  • Masalah:
  Penyelesaian:
• • Kesimpulan
  1. Tidak boleh membuat /dev /null: Kebenaran ditolak
• Masalah:

Apabila menjalankan perintah seperti kemas kini apt di dalam chroot, anda melihat kesilapan seperti:

untuk/dev/null kesilapan, keluar dari persekitaran chroot dan pasangkan direktori/dev di dalam chroot:

menggantikan/path/to/chroot dengan direktori di mana chroot anda berada. /dev /null, yang penting untuk banyak program. Pemasangan direktori hos /dev memberikan akses chroot ke fail -fail ini.

2. Alat GPG yang hilang (GPGV tidak dijumpai)

Hit:1 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm InRelease
Hit:2 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm-updates InRelease
0% [Connecting to security.debian.org (2a04:4e42:400::644)]/usr/bin/apt-key: 95: cannot create /dev/null: Permission denied
/usr/bin/apt-key: 95: cannot create /dev/null: Permission denied
/usr/bin/apt-key: 95: cannot create /dev/null: Permission denied
E: gpgv, gpgv2 or gpgv1 required for verification, but neither seems installed
Err:1 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm InRelease      
  gpgv, gpgv2 or gpgv1 required for verification, but neither seems installed
0% [Waiting for headers]/usr/bin/apt-key: 95: cannot create /dev/null: Permission denied
/usr/bin/apt-key: 95: cannot create /dev/null: Permission denied
/usr/bin/apt-key: 95: cannot create /dev/null: Permission denied
E: gpgv, gpgv2 or gpgv1 required for verification, but neither seems installed
Err:2 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm-updates InRelease
  gpgv, gpgv2 or gpgv1 required for verification, but neither seems installed
Hit:3 http://security.debian.org/debian-security bookworm-security InRelease
0% [Working]/usr/bin/apt-key: 95: cannot create /dev/null: Permission denied
/usr/bin/apt-key: 95: cannot create /dev/null: Permission denied
/usr/bin/apt-key: 95: cannot create /dev/null: Permission denied
E: gpgv, gpgv2 or gpgv1 required for verification, but neither seems installed
Err:3 http://security.debian.org/debian-security bookworm-security InRelease
  gpgv, gpgv2 or gpgv1 required for verification, but neither seems installed
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree... Done
Reading state information... Done
All packages are up to date.
W: An error occurred during the signature verification. The repository is not updated and the previous index files will be used. GPG error: http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm InRelease: gpgv, gpgv2 or gpgv1 required for verification, but neither seems installed
W: An error occurred during the signature verification. The repository is not updated and the previous index files will be used. GPG error: http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm-updates InRelease: gpgv, gpgv2 or gpgv1 required for verification, but neither seems installed
W: An error occurred during the signature verification. The repository is not updated and the previous index files will be used. GPG error: http://security.debian.org/debian-security bookworm-security InRelease: gpgv, gpgv2 or gpgv1 required for verification, but neither seems installed
W: Failed to fetch http://deb.debian.org/debian/dists/bookworm/InRelease  gpgv, gpgv2 or gpgv1 required for verification, but neither seems installed
W: Failed to fetch http://deb.debian.org/debian/dists/bookworm-updates/InRelease  gpgv, gpgv2 or gpgv1 required for verification, but neither seems installed
W: Failed to fetch http://security.debian.org/debian-security/dists/bookworm-security/InRelease  gpgv, gpgv2 or gpgv1 required for verification, but neither seems installed
W: Some index files failed to download. They have been ignored, or old ones used instead.

Masalah:

Apabila menjalankan kemas kini apt, anda melihat kesilapan seperti:

Penyelesaian:

Memasangnya memastikan bahawa APT dapat mengemas kini dan memasang pakej dengan selamat.

3. Kesilapan pengesahan repositori

sudo mount --bind /dev /path/to/chroot/dev

Masalah:

Apabila menjalankan kemas kini apt, anda melihat kesilapan seperti:

Penyelesaian:

sudo mount --bind /dev ~/debian-chroot/dev/

Kesalahan ini berlaku kerana GPGV hilang atau kunci repositori tidak dipercayai. Ikuti langkah -langkah ini:

1. Pasang GPGV (lihat Penyelesaian 2 di atas).
2. Kemas kini senarai pakej:

Hit:1 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm InRelease
Hit:2 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm-updates InRelease
0% [Connecting to security.debian.org (2a04:4e42:400::644)]/usr/bin/apt-key: 95: cannot create /dev/null: Permission denied
/usr/bin/apt-key: 95: cannot create /dev/null: Permission denied
/usr/bin/apt-key: 95: cannot create /dev/null: Permission denied
E: gpgv, gpgv2 or gpgv1 required for verification, but neither seems installed
Err:1 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm InRelease      
  gpgv, gpgv2 or gpgv1 required for verification, but neither seems installed
0% [Waiting for headers]/usr/bin/apt-key: 95: cannot create /dev/null: Permission denied
/usr/bin/apt-key: 95: cannot create /dev/null: Permission denied
/usr/bin/apt-key: 95: cannot create /dev/null: Permission denied
E: gpgv, gpgv2 or gpgv1 required for verification, but neither seems installed
Err:2 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm-updates InRelease
  gpgv, gpgv2 or gpgv1 required for verification, but neither seems installed
Hit:3 http://security.debian.org/debian-security bookworm-security InRelease
0% [Working]/usr/bin/apt-key: 95: cannot create /dev/null: Permission denied
/usr/bin/apt-key: 95: cannot create /dev/null: Permission denied
/usr/bin/apt-key: 95: cannot create /dev/null: Permission denied
E: gpgv, gpgv2 or gpgv1 required for verification, but neither seems installed
Err:3 http://security.debian.org/debian-security bookworm-security InRelease
  gpgv, gpgv2 or gpgv1 required for verification, but neither seems installed
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree... Done
Reading state information... Done
All packages are up to date.
W: An error occurred during the signature verification. The repository is not updated and the previous index files will be used. GPG error: http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm InRelease: gpgv, gpgv2 or gpgv1 required for verification, but neither seems installed
W: An error occurred during the signature verification. The repository is not updated and the previous index files will be used. GPG error: http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm-updates InRelease: gpgv, gpgv2 or gpgv1 required for verification, but neither seems installed
W: An error occurred during the signature verification. The repository is not updated and the previous index files will be used. GPG error: http://security.debian.org/debian-security bookworm-security InRelease: gpgv, gpgv2 or gpgv1 required for verification, but neither seems installed
W: Failed to fetch http://deb.debian.org/debian/dists/bookworm/InRelease  gpgv, gpgv2 or gpgv1 required for verification, but neither seems installed
W: Failed to fetch http://deb.debian.org/debian/dists/bookworm-updates/InRelease  gpgv, gpgv2 or gpgv1 required for verification, but neither seems installed
W: Failed to fetch http://security.debian.org/debian-security/dists/bookworm-security/InRelease  gpgv, gpgv2 or gpgv1 required for verification, but neither seems installed
W: Some index files failed to download. They have been ignored, or old ones used instead.

Kenapa ini berfungsi:

GPGV diperlukan untuk mengesahkan kesahihan pakej. Tanpa itu, APT tidak dapat mengemas kini senarai pakej dengan selamat.

4. Isu -isu rangkaian di dalam masalah Chroot

:

perintah seperti kemas kini apt gagal dengan ralat rangkaian, seperti:

sudo mount --bind /dev /path/to/chroot/dev

Penyelesaian:

Persekitaran chroot mungkin tidak mempunyai akses kepada konfigurasi rangkaian hos. Untuk membetulkannya, salin tetapan DNS hos ke dalam chroot:

sudo mount --bind /dev ~/debian-chroot/dev/

Kenapa ini berfungsi:

Fail resolv.conf mengandungi tetapan DNS. Menyalinnya dari tuan rumah memastikan bahawa chroot dapat menyelesaikan nama domain.

5.

Pakej Essential yang hilang

Masalah:

Perintah asas seperti ls atau bash tidak berfungsi di dalam chroot. Mmdebstrap mungkin tidak termasuk semua pakej penting. Memasang mereka memastikan bahawa chroot berfungsi.

6. Unmounting /dev selepas digunakan

Masalah:

Setelah menggunakan chroot, anda lupa untuk tidak mengadakan /dev, meninggalkan direktori host /dev. keadaan tidak konsisten.

gpgv, gpgv2 or gpgv1 required for verification, but neither seems installed

7. Menggunakan mmdebstrap dengan -termasuk masalah:

anda sering perlu memasang pakej yang sama (mis., Gpgv, gnupg) selepas membuat chroot. Pakej tambahan untuk dipasang semasa proses penciptaan, menjimatkan masa dan usaha.

8. Pembersihan selepas ujian

Masalah:

Bersih.

9. Automasi Proses (Pilihan)

Masalah:

Anda sering membuat dan menguji chroots dan ingin mengautomasikan proses. Contohnya:

Simpan skrip ini sebagai mmdebstrap-test.sh, menjadikannya boleh dilaksanakan dengan chmod x mmdebstrap-test.sh, dan jalankan:

sudo chroot /path/to/chroot apt update
sudo chroot /path/to/chroot apt install -y gpgv

Dengan mengikuti panduan penyelesaian masalah ini, anda dapat menyelesaikan masalah biasa dan kembali bekerja. Ingatlah kepada:

1. mount /dev di dalam chroot.

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