Blockchain dengan Vue, Python & Flask

Membuat aplikasi blockchain yang lengkap dengan bahagian hadapan Vue.js dan bahagian belakang Python.
Mari kita gariskan komponen asas dan berikan beberapa contoh coretan kod untuk membantu anda bermula.

Gambaran keseluruhan

• 1. Bahagian Belakang (Python dengan Flask) Buat struktur blockchain yang mudah. Sediakan Flask API untuk berinteraksi dengan blockchain.
• 2. Bahagian Hadapan (Vue.js)
• Buat aplikasi Vue.js yang berkomunikasi dengan Flask API.
• Paparkan data blockchain dan benarkan interaksi pengguna (seperti menambah blok baharu). Langkah 1: Sediakan Bahagian Belakang
• Pasang Flask: Pastikan anda telah memasang Flask. Anda boleh melakukan ini menggunakan pip:

Menyediakan persekitaran

pip install Flask

1. Buat Kelas Asas Blockchain:

# blockchain.py
import hashlib
import json
from time import time
from flask import Flask, jsonify, request

class Blockchain:
    def __init__(self):
        self.chain = []
        self.current_transactions = []
        self.new_block(previous_hash='1', proof=100)

    def new_block(self, proof, previous_hash=None):
        block = {
            'index': len(self.chain) + 1,
            'timestamp': time(),
            'transactions': self.current_transactions,
            'proof': proof,
            'previous_hash': previous_hash or self.hash(self.chain[-1]),
        }
        self.current_transactions = []
        self.chain.append(block)
        return block

    def new_transaction(self, sender, recipient, amount):
        self.current_transactions.append({
            'sender': sender,
            'recipient': recipient,
            'amount': amount,
        })
        return self.last_block['index'] + 1

    @staticmethod
    def hash(block):
        block_string = json.dumps(block, sort_keys=True).encode()
        return hashlib.sha256(block_string).hexdigest()

    @property
    def last_block(self):
        return self.chain[-1]

app = Flask(__name__)
blockchain = Blockchain()

@app.route('/mine', methods=['POST'])
def mine():
    values = request.get_json()
    required = ['proof', 'sender', 'recipient']
    if not all(k in values for k in required):
        return 'Missing values', 400

    index = blockchain.new_transaction(values['sender'], values['recipient'], values['amount'])
    blockchain.new_block(values['proof'])
    response = {
        'message': f'New Block Forged',
        'index': index,
        'block': blockchain.last_block,
    }
    return jsonify(response), 200

@app.route('/chain', methods=['GET'])
def full_chain():
    response = {
        'chain': blockchain.chain,
        'length': len(blockchain.chain),
    }
    return jsonify(response), 200

if __name__ == '__main__':
    app.run(debug=True)

Langkah 2: Sediakan Bahagian Hadapan

1. Buat Apl Vue.js: Jika anda belum membuat projek Vue.js lagi, anda boleh melakukannya menggunakan Vue CLI:

vue create my-blockchain-app

1. Pasang Axios untuk Panggilan API:

npm install axios

1. Buat Komponen Mudah:

// src/components/Blockchain.vue
<template>
  <div>
    <h1>Blockchain</h1>
    <button @click="fetchChain">Fetch Blockchain</button>
    <ul>
      <li v-for="block in blockchain" :key="block.index">
        Block #{{ block.index }} - {{ block.timestamp }}
      </li>
    </ul>
  </div>
</template>

<script>
import axios from 'axios';

export default {
  data() {
    return {
      blockchain: []
    };
  },
  methods: {
    fetchChain() {
      axios.get('http://localhost:5000/chain')
        .then(response => {
          this.blockchain = response.data.chain;
        })
        .catch(error => {
          console.error(error);
        });
    }
  }
};
</script>

Langkah 3: Menyatukan Semuanya

Jalankan Flask Backend: Pastikan pelayan Python anda sedang berjalan:

python blockchain.py

Jalankan Vue.js Frontend: Sekarang, jalankan aplikasi Vue.js anda:

npm run serve

Mari tingkatkan aplikasi blockchain dengan menambah ciri yang lebih canggih seperti:

• Mekanisme Bukti Kerja: Laksanakan bukti asas algoritma kerja.
• Kolam Transaksi: Benarkan pengguna membuat transaksi dan melihatnya dalam kumpulan sebelum melombong. -Penemuan Nod: Benarkan berbilang nod untuk menyambung dan berkongsi rantaian blok. -Fronend yang Diperbaiki: Cipta UI yang lebih interaktif untuk memaparkan blockchain dan transaksi. Langkah 1: Meningkatkan Bahagian Belakang
• Kemas kini Kelas Blockchain Kami akan melaksanakan algoritma Bukti Kerja asas dan kumpulan transaksi.

# blockchain.py
import hashlib
import json
from time import time
from flask import Flask, jsonify, request
from urllib.parse import urlparse
import requests

class Blockchain:
    def __init__(self):
        self.chain = []
        self.current_transactions = []
        self.nodes = set()
        self.new_block(previous_hash='1', proof=100)

    def new_block(self, proof, previous_hash=None):
        block = {
            'index': len(self.chain) + 1,
            'timestamp': time(),
            'transactions': self.current_transactions,
            'proof': proof,
            'previous_hash': previous_hash or self.hash(self.chain[-1]),
        }
        self.current_transactions = []
        self.chain.append(block)
        return block

    def new_transaction(self, sender, recipient, amount):
        self.current_transactions.append({
            'sender': sender,
            'recipient': recipient,
            'amount': amount,
        })
        return self.last_block['index'] + 1

    @staticmethod
    def hash(block):
        block_string = json.dumps(block, sort_keys=True).encode()
        return hashlib.sha256(block_string).hexdigest()

    @property
    def last_block(self):
        return self.chain[-1]

    def proof_of_work(self, last_proof):
        proof = 0
        while not self.valid_proof(last_proof, proof):
            proof += 1
        return proof

    @staticmethod
    def valid_proof(last_proof, proof):
        guess = f'{last_proof}{proof}'.encode()
        guess_hash = hashlib.sha256(guess).hexdigest()
        return guess_hash[:4] == "0000"  # Adjust difficulty here

    def register_node(self, address):
        parsed_url = urlparse(address)
        self.nodes.add(parsed_url.netloc)

    def resolve_conflicts(self):
        neighbours = self.nodes
        new_chain = None
        max_length = len(self.chain)

        for node in neighbours:
            response = requests.get(f'http://{node}/chain')
            if response.status_code == 200:
                length = response.json()['length']
                chain = response.json()['chain']
                if length > max_length and self.valid_chain(chain):
                    max_length = length
                    new_chain = chain

        if new_chain:
            self.chain = new_chain
            return True
        return False

    def valid_chain(self, chain):
        last_block = chain[0]
        current_index = 1

        while current_index < len(chain):
            block = chain[current_index]
            if block['previous_hash'] != self.hash(last_block):
                return False
            if not self.valid_proof(last_block['proof'], block['proof']):
                return False
            last_block = block
            current_index += 1
        return True

app = Flask(__name__)
blockchain = Blockchain()

@app.route('/mine', methods=['POST'])
def mine():
    values = request.get_json()
    required = ['sender', 'recipient']

    if not all(k in values for k in required):
        return 'Missing values', 400

    last_block = blockchain.last_block
    last_proof = last_block['proof']
    proof = blockchain.proof_of_work(last_proof)

    blockchain.new_transaction(sender=values['sender'], recipient=values['recipient'], amount=1)
    previous_hash = blockchain.hash(last_block)
    block = blockchain.new_block(proof, previous_hash)

    response = {
        'message': 'New Block Forged',
        'index': block['index'],
        'block': block,
    }
    return jsonify(response), 200

@app.route('/transactions/new', methods=['POST'])
def new_transaction():
    values = request.get_json()
    required = ['sender', 'recipient', 'amount']

    if not all(k in values for k in required):
        return 'Missing values', 400

    index = blockchain.new_transaction(values['sender'], values['recipient'], values['amount'])
    response = {'message': f'Transaction will be added to Block {index}'}
    return jsonify(response), 201

@app.route('/chain', methods=['GET'])
def full_chain():
    response = {
        'chain': blockchain.chain,
        'length': len(blockchain.chain),
    }
    return jsonify(response), 200

@app.route('/nodes/register', methods=['POST'])
def register_nodes():
    values = request.get_json()
    nodes = values.get('nodes')

    if nodes is None:
        return 'Error: Please supply a valid list of nodes', 400

    for node in nodes:
        blockchain.register_node(node)

    response = {
        'message': 'New nodes have been added',
        'total_nodes': list(blockchain.nodes),
    }
    return jsonify(response), 201

@app.route('/nodes/resolve', methods=['GET'])
def consensus():
    replaced = blockchain.resolve_conflicts()

    if replaced:
        response = {
            'message': 'Our chain was replaced',
            'new_chain': blockchain.chain,
        }
    else:
        response = {
            'message': 'Our chain is authoritative',
            'chain': blockchain.chain,
        }

    return jsonify(response), 200

if __name__ == '__main__':
    app.run(debug=True)

Langkah 2: Meningkatkan Bahagian Hadapan

1. Buat Borang Transaksi dalam Vue.js Kami kini akan membuat borang untuk pengguna menyerahkan transaksi.

// src/components/Blockchain.vue
<template>
  <div>
    <h1>Blockchain</h1>
    <button @click="fetchChain">Fetch Blockchain</button>

    <h2>Transactions</h2>
    <form @submit.prevent="submitTransaction">
      <input type="text" v-model="sender" placeholder="Sender" required />
      <input type="text" v-model="recipient" placeholder="Recipient" required />
      <input type="number" v-model="amount" placeholder="Amount" required />
      <button type="submit">Send Transaction</button>
    </form>

    <h2>Blockchain</h2>
    <ul>
      <li v-for="block in blockchain" :key="block.index">
        Block #{{ block.index }} - {{ block.timestamp }}
        <ul>
          <li v-for="transaction in block.transactions" :key="transaction.sender">
            {{ transaction.sender }} -> {{ transaction.recipient }}: {{ transaction.amount }}
          </li>
        </ul>
      </li>
    </ul>
  </div>
</template>

<script>
import axios from 'axios';

export default {
  data() {
    return {
      blockchain: [],
      sender: '',
      recipient: '',
      amount: 0,
    };
  },
  methods: {
    fetchChain() {
      axios.get('http://localhost:5000/chain')
        .then(response => {
          this.blockchain = response.data.chain;
        })
        .catch(error => {
          console.error(error);
        });
    },
    submitTransaction() {
      const transaction = {
        sender: this.sender,
        recipient: this.recipient,
        amount: this.amount,
      };

      axios.post('http://localhost:5000/transactions/new', transaction)
        .then(response => {
          alert(response.data.message);
          this.fetchChain(); // Refresh the blockchain view
        })
        .catch(error => {
          console.error(error);
        });
    }
  }
};
</script>

Langkah 3: Penemuan Nod dan Konsensus

Anda boleh menguji blockchain anda dengan berbilang nod dengan menjalankan beberapa tika apl Flask anda pada port yang berbeza. Sebagai contoh, anda boleh menjalankan:

FLASK_RUN_PORT=5001 python blockchain.py

Kemudian, anda boleh mendaftarkan nod menggunakan permintaan POST:

curl -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d '{"nodes": ["localhost:5001"]}' http://localhost:5000/nodes/register

Aplikasi blockchain yang lebih maju ini termasuk:
-Bukti Kerja: Mekanisme asas untuk melombong blok baharu.
-Kolam Transaksi: Pengguna boleh membuat transaksi sebelum dilombong.
-Penemuan Nod: Sokongan untuk berbilang nod dan mekanisme konsensus.
-Hadapan Interaktif: UI Vue.js untuk menyerahkan transaksi dan melihat rantaian blok.

Selamat mengekod!

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