1.首先使用RMAN做一次备份(必需有次备份) rman target / backup database; or backup database root; backup pluggable database pdb; 2.在pdb中创建test用户并授权 sqlplus / as sysdba alter session set container=pdb; create user test identified by r
1.首先使用RMAN做一次备份(必需有次备份)
rman target /
backup database;
or
backup database root;
backup pluggable database pdb;
2.在pdb中创建test用户并授权
sqlplus / as sysdba
alter session set container=pdb;
create user test identified by redhat quota unlimited on users;
grant connect,create table to test;
3.用测试用户创建测试表并查询当前scn
create table t1 (id int);
insert into t1 values(1);
commit;
SQL> select * from t1;
ID
----------
1
conn / as sysdba
SQL> SELECT DBMS_FLASHBACK.get_system_change_number FROM dual;
GET_SYSTEM_CHANGE_NUMBER
------------------------
1970004
4.再往t1表中插入一条数据
sqlplus test/redhat@pdb
SQL> insert into t1 values(2);
1 row created.
SQL> commit;
Commit complete.
SQL> select * from t1;
ID
----------
1
2
5.使用RMAN来恢复
rman target /
RECOVER TABLE 'TEST'.'T1' OF PLUGGABLE DATABASE pdb
UNTIL SCN 1970004
AUXILIARY DESTINATION '/u01/aux'
REMAP TABLE 'TEST'.'T1':'T1_old';
or
RECOVER TABLE 'TEST'.'T1' OF PLUGGABLE DATABASE pdb
UNTIL SCN 1970004
AUXILIARY DESTINATION '/u01/aux'
DATAPUMP DESTINATION '/u01/export'
DUMP FILE 'test_t1_old.dmp'--将以前的数据expdp出来
NOTABLEIMPORT;--不会将之前的数据导入
6.查询恢复过来的表t1_old验证恢复的内容
sqlplus test/redhat@pdb
SQL> select * from t1_old;
ID
----------
1
SQL> select * from t1;
ID
----------
1
2
7.总结
此功能效果和flashback table差不多
alter table t1 enable row movement;
先将t1备份
create table t1_bak as select * from t1;
flashback table t1 to scn 1970004;--基于SCN闪回
flashback table t1 to timestamp to_timestamp('2014-06-07 14:41:19','yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss'); --基于时间戳闪回
8.下面是日志
[oracle@source admin]$ rman target / Recovery Manager: Release 12.1.0.1.0 - Production on Sat Jun 7 14:42:27 2014 Copyright (c) 1982, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. connected to target database: CDB1 (DBID=823327692) RMAN> RECOVER TABLE 'TEST'.'T1' OF PLUGGABLE DATABASE pdb UNTIL SCN 1970004 AUXILIARY DESTINATION '/u01/aux' REMAP TABLE 'TEST'.'T1':'T1_OLD';2> 3> 4> Starting recover at 07-JUN-14 using target database control file instead of recovery catalog current log archived allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1 channel ORA_DISK_1: SID=269 device type=DISK RMAN-05026: WARNING: presuming following set of tablespaces applies to specified Point-in-Time List of tablespaces expected to have UNDO segments Tablespace SYSTEM Tablespace UNDOTBS1 Creating automatic instance, with SID='peCr' initialization parameters used for automatic instance: db_name=CDB1 db_unique_name=peCr_pitr_pdb_CDB1 compatible=12.1.0.0.0 db_block_size=8192 db_files=200 sga_target=1G processes=80 diagnostic_dest=/u01/app/oracle db_create_file_dest=/u01/aux log_archive_dest_1='location=/u01/aux' enable_pluggable_database=true _clone_one_pdb_recovery=true #No auxiliary parameter file used starting up automatic instance CDB1 Oracle instance started Total System Global Area 1068937216 bytes Fixed Size 2296576 bytes Variable Size 281019648 bytes Database Buffers 780140544 bytes Redo Buffers 5480448 bytes Automatic instance created contents of Memory Script: { # set requested point in time set until scn 1970004; # restore the controlfile restore clone controlfile; # mount the controlfile sql clone 'alter database mount clone database'; # archive current online log sql 'alter system archive log current'; } executing Memory Script executing command: SET until clause Starting restore at 07-JUN-14 allocated channel: ORA_AUX_DISK_1 channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1: SID=75 device type=DISK channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1: starting datafile backup set restore channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1: restoring control file channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1: reading from backup piece /u01/app/oracle/recovery_area/CDB1/autobackup/2014_06_07/o1_mf_s_849623963_9s5dwvr3_.bkp channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1: piece handle=/u01/app/oracle/recovery_area/CDB1/autobackup/2014_06_07/o1_mf_s_849623963_9s5dwvr3_.bkp tag=TAG20140607T143923 channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1: restored backup piece 1 channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1: restore complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01 output file name=/u01/aux/CDB1/controlfile/o1_mf_9s5f3180_.ctl Finished restore at 07-JUN-14 sql statement: alter database mount clone database sql statement: alter system archive log current contents of Memory Script: { # set requested point in time set until scn 1970004; # set destinations for recovery set and auxiliary set datafiles set newname for clone datafile 1 to new; set newname for clone datafile 4 to new; set newname for clone datafile 3 to new; set newname for clone datafile 8 to new; set newname for clone datafile 9 to new; set newname for clone tempfile 1 to new; set newname for clone tempfile 3 to new; # switch all tempfiles switch clone tempfile all; # restore the tablespaces in the recovery set and the auxiliary set restore clone datafile 1, 4, 3, 8, 9; switch clone datafile all; } executing Memory Script executing command: SET until clause executing command: SET NEWNAME executing command: SET NEWNAME executing command: SET NEWNAME executing command: SET NEWNAME executing command: SET NEWNAME executing command: SET NEWNAME executing command: SET NEWNAME renamed tempfile 1 to /u01/aux/CDB1/datafile/o1_mf_temp_%u_.tmp in control file renamed tempfile 3 to /u01/aux/CDB1/datafile/o1_mf_temp_%u_.tmp in control file Starting restore at 07-JUN-14 using channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1 channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1: starting datafile backup set restore channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) to restore from backup set channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1: restoring datafile 00001 to /u01/aux/CDB1/datafile/o1_mf_system_%u_.dbf channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1: restoring datafile 00004 to /u01/aux/CDB1/datafile/o1_mf_undotbs1_%u_.dbf channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1: restoring datafile 00003 to /u01/aux/CDB1/datafile/o1_mf_sysaux_%u_.dbf channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1: reading from backup piece /u01/app/oracle/recovery_area/CDB1/backupset/2014_06_07/o1_mf_nnndf_TAG20140607T143730_9s5dsblv_.bkp channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1: piece handle=/u01/app/oracle/recovery_area/CDB1/backupset/2014_06_07/o1_mf_nnndf_TAG20140607T143730_9s5dsblv_.bkp tag=TAG20140607T143730 channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1: restored backup piece 1 channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1: restore complete, elapsed time: 00:00:55 channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1: starting datafile backup set restore channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) to restore from backup set channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1: restoring datafile 00008 to /u01/aux/CDB1/datafile/o1_mf_system_%u_.dbf channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1: restoring datafile 00009 to /u01/aux/CDB1/datafile/o1_mf_sysaux_%u_.dbf channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1: reading from backup piece /u01/app/oracle/recovery_area/CDB1/FB373ED0C69817BBE0436405A8C0E168/backupset/2014_06_07/o1_mf_nnndf_TAG20140607T143848_9s5dvrc5_.bkp channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1: piece handle=/u01/app/oracle/recovery_area/CDB1/FB373ED0C69817BBE0436405A8C0E168/backupset/2014_06_07/o1_mf_nnndf_TAG20140607T143848_9s5dvrc5_.bkp tag=TAG20140607T143848 channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1: restored backup piece 1 channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1: restore complete, elapsed time: 00:00:36 Finished restore at 07-JUN-14 datafile 1 switched to datafile copy input datafile copy RECID=8 STAMP=849624258 file name=/u01/aux/CDB1/datafile/o1_mf_system_9s5f37pd_.dbf datafile 4 switched to datafile copy input datafile copy RECID=9 STAMP=849624258 file name=/u01/aux/CDB1/datafile/o1_mf_undotbs1_9s5f37py_.dbf datafile 3 switched to datafile copy input datafile copy RECID=10 STAMP=849624258 file name=/u01/aux/CDB1/datafile/o1_mf_sysaux_9s5f37pt_.dbf datafile 8 switched to datafile copy input datafile copy RECID=11 STAMP=849624258 file name=/u01/aux/CDB1/datafile/o1_mf_system_9s5f4zb5_.dbf datafile 9 switched to datafile copy input datafile copy RECID=12 STAMP=849624258 file name=/u01/aux/CDB1/datafile/o1_mf_sysaux_9s5f4z79_.dbf contents of Memory Script: { # set requested point in time set until scn 1970004; # online the datafiles restored or switched sql clone "alter database datafile 1 online"; sql clone "alter database datafile 4 online"; sql clone "alter database datafile 3 online"; sql clone 'PDB' "alter database datafile 8 online"; sql clone 'PDB' "alter database datafile 9 online"; # recover and open database read only recover clone database tablespace "SYSTEM", "UNDOTBS1", "SYSAUX", "PDB":"SYSTEM", "PDB":"SYSAUX"; sql clone 'alter database open read only'; } executing Memory Script executing command: SET until clause sql statement: alter database datafile 1 online sql statement: alter database datafile 4 online sql statement: alter database datafile 3 online sql statement: alter database datafile 8 online sql statement: alter database datafile 9 online Starting recover at 07-JUN-14 using channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1 starting media recovery archived log for thread 1 with sequence 27 is already on disk as file /u01/app/oracle/recovery_area/CDB1/archivelog/2014_06_07/o1_mf_1_27_9s5f2pgz_.arc archived log file name=/u01/app/oracle/recovery_area/CDB1/archivelog/2014_06_07/o1_mf_1_27_9s5f2pgz_.arc thread=1 sequence=27 media recovery complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01 Finished recover at 07-JUN-14 sql statement: alter database open read only contents of Memory Script: { sql clone 'alter pluggable database PDB open read only'; } executing Memory Script sql statement: alter pluggable database PDB open read only contents of Memory Script: { sql clone "create spfile from memory"; shutdown clone immediate; startup clone nomount; sql clone "alter system set control_files = ''/u01/aux/CDB1/controlfile/o1_mf_9s5f3180_.ctl'' comment= ''RMAN set'' scope=spfile"; shutdown clone immediate; startup clone nomount; # mount database sql clone 'alter database mount clone database'; } executing Memory Script sql statement: create spfile from memory database closed database dismounted Oracle instance shut down connected to auxiliary database (not started) Oracle instance started Total System Global Area 1068937216 bytes Fixed Size 2296576 bytes Variable Size 285213952 bytes Database Buffers 775946240 bytes Redo Buffers 5480448 bytes sql statement: alter system set control_files = ''/u01/aux/CDB1/controlfile/o1_mf_9s5f3180_.ctl'' comment= ''RMAN set'' scope=spfile Oracle instance shut down connected to auxiliary database (not started) Oracle instance started Total System Global Area 1068937216 bytes Fixed Size 2296576 bytes Variable Size 285213952 bytes Database Buffers 775946240 bytes Redo Buffers 5480448 bytes sql statement: alter database mount clone database contents of Memory Script: { # set requested point in time set until scn 1970004; # set destinations for recovery set and auxiliary set datafiles set newname for datafile 10 to new; # restore the tablespaces in the recovery set and the auxiliary set restore clone datafile 10; switch clone datafile all; } executing Memory Script executing command: SET until clause executing command: SET NEWNAME Starting restore at 07-JUN-14 allocated channel: ORA_AUX_DISK_1 channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1: SID=11 device type=DISK channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1: starting datafile backup set restore channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) to restore from backup set channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1: restoring datafile 00010 to /u01/aux/PECR_PITR_PDB_CDB1/datafile/o1_mf_users_%u_.dbf channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1: reading from backup piece /u01/app/oracle/recovery_area/CDB1/FB373ED0C69817BBE0436405A8C0E168/backupset/2014_06_07/o1_mf_nnndf_TAG20140607T143848_9s5dvrc5_.bkp channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1: piece handle=/u01/app/oracle/recovery_area/CDB1/FB373ED0C69817BBE0436405A8C0E168/backupset/2014_06_07/o1_mf_nnndf_TAG20140607T143848_9s5dvrc5_.bkp tag=TAG20140607T143848 channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1: restored backup piece 1 channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1: restore complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01 Finished restore at 07-JUN-14 datafile 10 switched to datafile copy input datafile copy RECID=14 STAMP=849624303 file name=/u01/aux/PECR_PITR_PDB_CDB1/datafile/o1_mf_users_9s5f7gol_.dbf contents of Memory Script: { # set requested point in time set until scn 1970004; # online the datafiles restored or switched sql clone 'PDB' "alter database datafile 10 online"; # recover and open resetlogs recover clone database tablespace "PDB":"USERS", "SYSTEM", "UNDOTBS1", "SYSAUX", "PDB":"SYSTEM", "PDB":"SYSAUX" delete archivelog; alter clone database open resetlogs; } executing Memory Script executing command: SET until clause sql statement: alter database datafile 10 online Starting recover at 07-JUN-14 using channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1 starting media recovery archived log for thread 1 with sequence 27 is already on disk as file /u01/app/oracle/recovery_area/CDB1/archivelog/2014_06_07/o1_mf_1_27_9s5f2pgz_.arc archived log file name=/u01/app/oracle/recovery_area/CDB1/archivelog/2014_06_07/o1_mf_1_27_9s5f2pgz_.arc thread=1 sequence=27 media recovery complete, elapsed time: 00:00:00 Finished recover at 07-JUN-14 database opened contents of Memory Script: { sql clone 'alter pluggable database PDB open'; } executing Memory Script sql statement: alter pluggable database PDB open contents of Memory Script: { # create directory for datapump import sql 'PDB' "create or replace directory TSPITR_DIROBJ_DPDIR as '' /u01/aux''"; # create directory for datapump export sql clone 'PDB' "create or replace directory TSPITR_DIROBJ_DPDIR as '' /u01/aux''"; } executing Memory Script sql statement: create or replace directory TSPITR_DIROBJ_DPDIR as ''/u01/aux'' sql statement: create or replace directory TSPITR_DIROBJ_DPDIR as ''/u01/aux'' Performing export of tables... EXPDP> Starting "SYS"."TSPITR_EXP_peCr_crua": EXPDP> Estimate in progress using BLOCKS method... EXPDP> Processing object type TABLE_EXPORT/TABLE/TABLE_DATA EXPDP> Total estimation using BLOCKS method: 64 KB EXPDP> Processing object type TABLE_EXPORT/TABLE/TABLE EXPDP> Processing object type TABLE_EXPORT/TABLE/STATISTICS/TABLE_STATISTICS EXPDP> Processing object type TABLE_EXPORT/TABLE/STATISTICS/MARKER EXPDP> . . exported "TEST"."T1" 5.039 KB 1 rows EXPDP> Master table "SYS"."TSPITR_EXP_peCr_crua" successfully loaded/unloaded EXPDP> ****************************************************************************** EXPDP> Dump file set for SYS.TSPITR_EXP_peCr_crua is: EXPDP> /u01/aux/tspitr_peCr_89262.dmp EXPDP> Job "SYS"."TSPITR_EXP_peCr_crua" successfully completed at Sat Jun 7 14:46:09 2014 elapsed 0 00:00:29 Export completed contents of Memory Script: { # shutdown clone before import shutdown clone abort } executing Memory Script Oracle instance shut down Performing import of tables... IMPDP> Master table "SYS"."TSPITR_IMP_peCr_xgeA" successfully loaded/unloaded IMPDP> Starting "SYS"."TSPITR_IMP_peCr_xgeA": IMPDP> Processing object type TABLE_EXPORT/TABLE/TABLE IMPDP> Processing object type TABLE_EXPORT/TABLE/TABLE_DATA IMPDP> . . imported "TEST"."T1_OLD" 5.039 KB 1 rows IMPDP> Processing object type TABLE_EXPORT/TABLE/STATISTICS/TABLE_STATISTICS IMPDP> Processing object type TABLE_EXPORT/TABLE/STATISTICS/MARKER IMPDP> Job "SYS"."TSPITR_IMP_peCr_xgeA" successfully completed at Sat Jun 7 14:46:15 2014 elapsed 0 00:00:02 Import completed Removing automatic instance Automatic instance removed auxiliary instance file /u01/aux/CDB1/datafile/o1_mf_temp_9s5f6jdq_.tmp deleted auxiliary instance file /u01/aux/CDB1/datafile/o1_mf_temp_9s5f66jr_.tmp deleted auxiliary instance file /u01/aux/PECR_PITR_PDB_CDB1/onlinelog/o1_mf_3_9s5f7m7c_.log deleted auxiliary instance file /u01/aux/PECR_PITR_PDB_CDB1/onlinelog/o1_mf_2_9s5f7l9n_.log deleted auxiliary instance file /u01/aux/PECR_PITR_PDB_CDB1/onlinelog/o1_mf_1_9s5f7jps_.log deleted auxiliary instance file /u01/aux/PECR_PITR_PDB_CDB1/datafile/o1_mf_users_9s5f7gol_.dbf deleted auxiliary instance file /u01/aux/CDB1/datafile/o1_mf_sysaux_9s5f4z79_.dbf deleted auxiliary instance file /u01/aux/CDB1/datafile/o1_mf_system_9s5f4zb5_.dbf deleted auxiliary instance file /u01/aux/CDB1/datafile/o1_mf_sysaux_9s5f37pt_.dbf deleted auxiliary instance file /u01/aux/CDB1/datafile/o1_mf_undotbs1_9s5f37py_.dbf deleted auxiliary instance file /u01/aux/CDB1/datafile/o1_mf_system_9s5f37pd_.dbf deleted auxiliary instance file /u01/aux/CDB1/controlfile/o1_mf_9s5f3180_.ctl deleted auxiliary instance file tspitr_peCr_89262.dmp deleted Finished recover at 07-JUN-14

InnoDB는 Redologs 및 Undologs를 사용하여 데이터 일관성과 신뢰성을 보장합니다. 1. Redologs는 사고 복구 및 거래 지속성을 보장하기 위해 데이터 페이지 수정을 기록합니다. 2. 결점은 원래 데이터 값을 기록하고 트랜잭션 롤백 및 MVCC를 지원합니다.

설명 명령에 대한 주요 메트릭에는 유형, 키, 행 및 추가가 포함됩니다. 1) 유형은 쿼리의 액세스 유형을 반영합니다. 값이 높을수록 Const와 같은 효율이 높아집니다. 2) 키는 사용 된 인덱스를 표시하고 NULL은 인덱스가 없음을 나타냅니다. 3) 행은 스캔 한 행의 수를 추정하여 쿼리 성능에 영향을 미칩니다. 4) Extra는 최적화해야한다는 Filesort 프롬프트 사용과 같은 추가 정보를 제공합니다.

Temporary를 사용하면 MySQL 쿼리에 임시 테이블을 생성해야 할 필요성이 있으며, 이는 별개의, 그룹 비 또는 비 인덱스 열을 사용하여 순서대로 발견됩니다. 인덱스 발생을 피하고 쿼리를 다시 작성하고 쿼리 성능을 향상시킬 수 있습니다. 구체적으로, 설명 출력에 사용되는 경우, MySQL은 쿼리를 처리하기 위해 임시 테이블을 만들어야 함을 의미합니다. 이것은 일반적으로 다음과 같은 경우에 발생합니다. 1) 별개 또는 그룹을 사용할 때 중복 제거 또는 그룹화; 2) OrderBy가 비 인덱스 열이 포함되어있을 때 정렬하십시오. 3) 복잡한 하위 쿼리 또는 조인 작업을 사용하십시오. 최적화 방법은 다음과 같습니다. 1) Orderby 및 GroupB

MySQL/InnoDB는 4 개의 트랜잭션 격리 수준을 지원합니다. Readuncommitted, ReadCommitted, ReturableRead 및 Serializable. 1. READUCMITTED는 커밋되지 않은 데이터를 읽을 수 있으므로 더러운 판독 값을 유발할 수 있습니다. 2. ReadCommitted는 더러운 읽기를 피하지만 반복 할 수없는 독서가 발생할 수 있습니다. 3. RepeatableRead는 더러운 읽기와 반복 할 수없는 독서를 피하는 기본 레벨이지만 팬텀 독서가 발생할 수 있습니다. 4. 직렬화 가능한 것은 모든 동시성 문제를 피하지만 동시성을 줄입니다. 적절한 격리 수준을 선택하려면 균형 잡힌 데이터 일관성 및 성능 요구 사항이 필요합니다.

MySQL은 웹 응용 프로그램 및 컨텐츠 관리 시스템에 적합하며 오픈 소스, 고성능 및 사용 편의성에 인기가 있습니다. 1) PostgreSQL과 비교하여 MySQL은 간단한 쿼리 및 높은 동시 읽기 작업에서 더 잘 수행합니다. 2) Oracle과 비교할 때 MySQL은 오픈 소스와 저렴한 비용으로 인해 중소 기업에서 더 인기가 있습니다. 3) Microsoft SQL Server와 비교하여 MySQL은 크로스 플랫폼 응용 프로그램에 더 적합합니다. 4) MongoDB와 달리 MySQL은 구조화 된 데이터 및 트랜잭션 처리에 더 적합합니다.

MySQL Index Cardinality는 쿼리 성능에 중대한 영향을 미칩니다. 1. 높은 카디널리티 인덱스는 데이터 범위를보다 효과적으로 좁히고 쿼리 효율성을 향상시킬 수 있습니다. 2. 낮은 카디널리티 인덱스는 전체 테이블 스캔으로 이어질 수 있으며 쿼리 성능을 줄일 수 있습니다. 3. 관절 지수에서는 쿼리를 최적화하기 위해 높은 카디널리티 시퀀스를 앞에 놓아야합니다.

MySQL 학습 경로에는 기본 지식, 핵심 개념, 사용 예제 및 최적화 기술이 포함됩니다. 1) 테이블, 행, 열 및 SQL 쿼리와 같은 기본 개념을 이해합니다. 2) MySQL의 정의, 작업 원칙 및 장점을 배우십시오. 3) 인덱스 및 저장 절차와 같은 기본 CRUD 작업 및 고급 사용량을 마스터합니다. 4) 인덱스의 합리적 사용 및 최적화 쿼리와 같은 일반적인 오류 디버깅 및 성능 최적화 제안에 익숙합니다. 이 단계를 통해 MySQL의 사용 및 최적화를 완전히 파악할 수 있습니다.

MySQL의 실제 응용 프로그램에는 기본 데이터베이스 설계 및 복잡한 쿼리 최적화가 포함됩니다. 1) 기본 사용 : 사용자 정보 삽입, 쿼리, 업데이트 및 삭제와 같은 사용자 데이터를 저장하고 관리하는 데 사용됩니다. 2) 고급 사용 : 전자 상거래 플랫폼의 주문 및 재고 관리와 같은 복잡한 비즈니스 로직을 처리합니다. 3) 성능 최적화 : 인덱스, 파티션 테이블 및 쿼리 캐시를 사용하여 합리적으로 성능을 향상시킵니다.


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