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Opacité variable multi-navigateurs avec échange PNG_Experience

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2016-05-16 12:09:431869parcourir

Periodically, someone tells me about the magic of PNG, how it's the ideal image format for the web, and that someday we'll all be using it on our sites instead of GIF. People have been saying this for years, and by now most of us have stopped listening. Sadly, flaky browser support has made PNG impractical for almost everything; but now, with a few simple workarounds, we can finally put one of its most compelling features to use.

PNG? What?

The Portable Network Graphics, or PNG (pronounced “ping”), image format has been around since 1995, having cropped up during the now long-forgotten GIF scare, when Compuserve and Unisys announced they would begin charging royalties for the use of the GIF image format.

To provide GIF support in their applications, software makers like Adobe and Macromedia must pay royalty fees – fees which are passed down to the end user in the selling cost of the software.

When PNG appeared on the scene, web designers were ready to make the switch to the free, superior format and shun GIF forever. But over time, browsers continually failed to support PNG, and eventually most people started to forget about it. Today, nearly everyone still uses GIF habitually.

Which is a shame, because PNG makes GIF look pretty pathetic: it supports gamma correction, (sometimes) smaller file sizes, loss-less compression, up to 48-bit color, and, best of all, true alpha transparency.

To get why alpha transparency is a big deal, we must first understand one of the most annoying limitations of GIF.

Binary Transparency: the Scourge of GIF

When it comes to transparency, GIF doesn't cut it. Whereas PNG supports alpha transparency, GIF only supports binary transparency, which is a big limitation and has a couple of important implications.

For one, a GIF image can either use no transparent colors at all or have one color that's completely transparent – there are no degrees of transparency.

And if a complex GIF does contain a transparent color, the background color of the web page must match the transparent color, or else the anti-aliased area around the transparent color will be surrounded by ugly haloing and fringing. If you've spent more than five minutes as a web designer, you know what I'm talking about.

The result is that any anti-aliased transparent GIF is inextricably tied to the background color of the web page on which it lives. If you ever decide to change that color, you must also change the GIF.

Miraculously, PNG doesn't behave that way. A PNG can be transparent in varying degrees – in other words, it can be of variable opacity. And a transparent PNG is background-independent: it can live on any background color or image. Say you want your navigation on monkeys-run-amuck.com to be 65% opaque so you can see through it to your orangutan background image. You can do that. A transparent anti-aliased “Gorillas, Chimps, Gibbons, et al” title that can sit on top of any background color or image? You can do that, too.

So What About Browser Support?

By now, of course, we'd all be up to our ears in PNGs if browsers supported them reliably. But seven years after the format's inception, you still can't slap a PNG onto a web page like you can a GIF or JPG. It's disgraceful, but not as bad as it sounds.

It turns out that most of the latest versions of the major browsers fully support alpha transparency with PNG – namely, Netscape 6, Opera 6, and recently-released Mozilla 1, all on Windows; and, for the Mac, Internet Explorer 5, Netscape 6, Opera 5, Mozilla 1, OmniWeb 3.1, and ICab 1.9. Incredibly, PNG even works on Opera 6 for Linux, on WebTV, and on Sega Dreamcast.

Now, what's missing from that list?

IE5.5+/Win, bless its heart, will, in fact, display a PNG, but it doesn't natively support alpha transparency. In IE5.5+/Win, the transparent area of your PNG will display at 100% opacity – that is, it won't be transparent at all.

Bugger. So what do we do now?

Proprietary Code-o-Rama: the AlphaImageLoader Filter

IE4+/Win supports a variety of non-standard, largely ridiculous visual filters that you can apply to any image's style. You can, for instance, fade in an image with a gradient wipe, or make it stretch from nothing to full size, or even make it swipe into place circularly, like a scene change in Star Wars.

A non-pointless gem among these is the AlphaImageLoader filter, which is supported in IE5.5+/Win. When used to display a PNG, it allows for full alpha transparency support. All you have to do is this:

<DIV ID="myDiv" 
	STYLE="position:relative; 
	height:250px; 
	width:250px;
filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.AlphaImageLoader<SPAN class=linewrap>&raquo;</SPAN>
(src='myimage.png',sizingMethod='scale');"></DIV>

(Line wraps are marked ». –Ed.)

And you're in business. Perfect alpha transparency. This code works great, with only the small drawback that it's not part of any accepted web standard, and no other browser on the planet understands it.

Serving up PNGs with JavaScript

So the trick is to determine the user's browser and serve up the images appropriately: if IE5.5+/Win, then we use AlphaImageLoader; if a browser with native PNG support, then we display PNGs the normal way; if anything else, then we display alternate GIFs, because we can't be sure that a PNG will display correctly or at all.

Using a slightly tweaked version of Chris Nott's Browser Detect Lite, we set some global variables to this effect that we can use later on.

// if IE5.5+ on Win32, then display PNGs with AlphaImageLoader
if ((browser.isIE55 || browser.isIE6up) && browser.isWin32) {
	var pngAlpha = true;
// else, if the browser can display PNGs normally, then do that
} else if ((browser.isGecko) |<span class="linewrap">»</span>
| (browser.isIE5up && browser.isMac) |<span class="linewrap">»</span>
| (browser.isOpera && browser.isWin <span class="linewrap">»</span>
	&& browser.versionMajor >= 6) |<span class="linewrap">»</span>
| (browser.isOpera && browser.isUnix <span class="linewrap">»</span>
&& browser.versionMajor >= 6) |<span class="linewrap">»</span>
| (browser.isOpera && browser.isMac <span class="linewrap">»</span>
	&& browser.versionMajor >= 5) |<span class="linewrap">»</span>
| (browser.isOmniweb && <span class="linewrap">»</span>
	browser.versionMinor >= 3.1) |<span class="linewrap">»</span>
| (browser.isIcab && <span class="linewrap">»</span>
	browser.versionMinor >= 1.9) |<span class="linewrap">»</span>
| (browser.isWebtv) |<span class="linewrap">»</span>
| (browser.isDreamcast)) {
	var pngNormal = true;
}

(Note for the faint of heart: complete source code for all the examples we cover is available at the end of the article.)

Tactic 1: Quick and Dirty with document.writes

The simplest, most reliable way to spit out PNGs is using inline document.writes based on the above detection. So we use a function like this:

function od_displayImage(strId, strPath, intWidth, <span class="linewrap">»</span>
	intHeight, strClass, strAlt) {	
 if (pngAlpha) {
 document.write('<div style="height:'+intHeight+'px;<SPAN class=linewrap>&raquo;</SPAN>
		width:'+intWidth+'px;<SPAN class=linewrap>&raquo;</SPAN>
 filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.AlphaImageLoader<SPAN class=linewrap>&raquo;</SPAN>
 (src=\''+strPath+'.png\', sizingMethod=\'scale\')" <SPAN class=linewrap>&raquo;</SPAN>
	id="'+strId+'" class="'+strClass+'"></div>');
	} else if (pngNormal) {
 document.write('<img src="'+strPath+'.png" <SPAN class=linewrap>&raquo;</SPAN>
	width="'+intWidth+'"<SPAN class=linewrap>&raquo;</SPAN>
 height="'+intHeight+'" name="'+strId+'" <SPAN class=linewrap>&raquo;</SPAN>
	border="0" class="'+strClass+'" alt="'+strAlt+'" />');
	} else {
 document.write('<img src="'+strPath+'.gif" <SPAN class=linewrap>&raquo;</SPAN>
	width="'+intWidth+'"<SPAN class=linewrap>&raquo;</SPAN>
 height="'+intHeight+'" name="'+strId+'" <SPAN class=linewrap>&raquo;</SPAN>
	border="0" class="'+strClass+'" alt="'+strAlt+'" />');
	}
}

Now we can call the od_displayImage function from anywhere on the page. Any JavaScript-capable browser will display an image, and, if we want to be really careful, we can accompany each call with a

It's a time-tested method, but what if we want more control over our PNGs?

Tactic 2: the Beauty & Majesty of Objects

When I told the programmer in the office next door that I was writing this article, he took one look at my code, glowered at me, and said, “Fool. Where's the abstraction? You need to use objects.”

So now we have a JavaScript object to display PNGs. Here's how we use it:

<html><head>
<script language="javascript" 
 src="browserdetect_lite.js" 
 type="text/javascript">
</script>
<script language="javascript" 
src="opacity.js" 
type="text/javascript"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
var objMyImg = null;
function init() {
	objMyImg = new OpacityObject('myimg','/images/myimage');
	objMyImg.setBackground();
}
</script>

<style type="text/css">

#myimg { 
 background: url('back.png') 
 repeat; position:absolute; 
 left: 10px; top: 10px; 
 width: 200px; 
 height: 200px;
 }

</style>

</head>


<body onload="init()" background="back.jpg">

<div id="myimg"></div>
</body>
</html>

That's it. The cool thing about the OpacityObject is that we just pass it a DIV ID and an image path and we're done. Using the appropriate technique, it applies the image as a background of the DIV, and from there we can do whatever we want with it. Fill it with text, move it across the screen, resize it dynamically, whatever – just like any other DIV.

The object works in any CSS 1-capable browser that can dynamically apply a background image to a DIV with JavaScript. It's completely flexible, and we could even use it in place of the above function.

The trade-off is that it doesn't degrade as nicely. Netscape 4.7/Win/Mac and Opera 5/Mac, for instance, won't display an image at all. And it has another significant problem, which is this:

IE5/Mac only supports alpha transparency when the PNG resides in an <img> tag, not when it's set as the background property of a DIV. So PNGs displayed with the OpacityObject will appear 100% opaque in IE5/Mac. This problem is especially frustrating because IE5/Mac is the only browser which natively supports PNG and behaves this way. We've notified Microsoft about this apparent bug and hope for it to be fixed in an upcoming release.

But for now, these issues are the trade-off for flexibility. Obviously, choose the right tactic based on the particular needs of your project. Between them both, you can do pretty much anything with PNGs – like, for instance...

Example 1: Translucent Image on a Photo

In this simple example, we see how the same 80% opaque PNG can be displayed on any kind of background: Translucent Image on a Photo.

Example 2: Anti-Aliased Translucent Navigation with Rollovers

What a beautiful thing it would be, I'm sure you've thought from time to time, to create translucent anti-aliased images that work on any background. Well, check it out: Anti-Aliased Translucent Navigation with Rollovers.

Mouse over the images, observe the behavior of the rollovers, and click “change background” to see how the images behave on different backgrounds. Then view the source. There are a few things worth noting here:

  • Pour précharger les images correctes, nous créons une variable appelée strExt, qui contient soit « .png » soit « .gif ». Tant que nos PNG et GIF alternatifs utilisent les mêmes noms à l'exception de l'extension de fichier, le navigateur ne préchargera que les images qu'il va réellement utiliser.
  • Nous créons une classe appelée pngLink et définissons la propriété du curseur sur « pointeur ». Nous transmettons ce nom de classe à la fonction lorsque nous l'appelons, et la fonction applique la classe au PNG. Le résultat est que le pointeur de l'utilisateur se transforme en curseur lorsqu'il survole les liens d'images, même si, dans IE5.5+/Win, ce ne sont en réalité que des DIV. (Vous souhaiterez peut-être également ajouter "display:block" ou "display:inline" à votre classe PNG, selon la façon dont vous utilisez les images, pour qu'elles s'affichent correctement dans Netscape 6. (Pour plus de détails, voir Mieux vivre grâce au XHTML .)
  • Nous utilisons également quelques fonctions de survol spécifiquement pour l'affichage des PNG. Il s'avère que, bien qu'il soit possible d'échanger dynamiquement des fichiers PNG à l'aide de AlphaImageLoader, IE5.5+/Win a du mal à le faire ; c'est sacrément lent, trop lent pour des retournements efficaces. Ce qui fonctionne mieux est d'appliquer une couleur d'arrière-plan au DIV qui contient le PNG – la couleur brillera à travers la partie transparente de l'image, et ce, rapidement également. Lorsque nous appelons la fonction, nous envoyons le nom de l'image à afficher et une couleur HTML – IE5.5+/Win affichera la couleur, et les autres afficheront l'image.
  • Remarquez comment ces images ont même des ombres portées. Vous pouvez coller n’importe quelle image ou couleur d’arrière-plan derrière eux et ils auront toujours fière allure, même si les PNG étaient complètement transparents. C'est cool ou quoi ?

Exemple 3 : DIV translucide flottant avec du texte HTML à l'intérieur

Dans les deux premiers exemples, nous avons utilisé la fonction quick-and-dirty de Tactic One. Maintenant, nous voulons que notre PNG interagisse avec d'autres codes sur la page, donc cette fois nous l'affichons avec OpacityObject.

Mais rappelez-vous : cette approche présente des inconvénients (voir ci-dessus), le plus déchirant étant que cet exemple ne fonctionne pas parfaitement sur IE5/Mac. Si cela vous fait mal, il y a toujours la fonction rapide et sale. Sinon, lisez la suite.

Nous créons d'abord un DIV, lui donnons un identifiant et lui attribuons toutes les propriétés de style que nous souhaitons : hauteur, largeur, famille de polices, etc.

Ensuite, nous transmettons l'ID de ce DIV lorsque nous instancions l'OpacityObject. Nous suivons également le chemin de l'image et nous avons maintenant un DIV avec un fond translucide. Cool !

Ensuite, nous mettons du texte HTML dans le DIV et lui appliquons une autre méthode d'objet sans rapport (cet objet n'a rien à voir avec OpacityObject – il peut s'agir de n'importe quel code que vous avez). Nous pouvons maintenant déplacer le DIV translucide sur l'écran. Ouf ! DIV translucide flottant avec texte HTML à l'intérieur.

Voici donc un aperçu de ce qui est possible avec OpacityObject. Vous les hardcore CSS/DOM, devenez fous.

Variablement Opaque-R-You

Téléchargez le code source de l'objet, des fonctions et des exemples que nous avons abordés. Tout le code repose sur notre version améliorée de Browser Detect Lite, qui est également incluse. Code source à opacité variable.

Un PNG et un PNG seulement

Tout cela est très excitant, mais, comme pour de nombreuses réalisations qui enthousiasment les développeurs Web, faire fonctionner PNG dans les navigateurs d'aujourd'hui ne devrait tout simplement pas être si difficile. Vous pourriez envisager de signer la pétition pour persuader Microsoft de fournir une prise en charge complète du format PNG dans Internet Explorer. Avec un peu de chance, cet article sera bientôt obsolète.

En attendant, postez vos idées d'amélioration de ce code dans le forum de discussion de cet article. Le site d'accueil PNG, par exemple, parle de quelques autres navigateurs obscurs qui devraient prendre en charge la transparence alpha, mais qui n'ont pas encore été vérifiés. Si vous pouvez vérifier l'une de ces affirmations ou si vous avez toute autre contribution précieuse, faites-le-nous savoir et nous mettrons à jour le code en conséquence.

Ressources

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