如果你经常使用python开发GUI程序的话,那么就知道,有时你需要很长时间来执行一个任务。当然,如果你使用命令行程序来做的话,你回非常惊讶。大部分情况下,这会堵塞GUI的事件循环,用户会看到程序卡死。如何才能避免这种情况呢?当然是利用线程或进程了!本文,我们将探索如何使用wxPython和theading模块来实现。
wxpython线程安全方法
wxPython中,有三个“线程安全”的函数。如果你在更新UI界面时,三个函数都不使用,那么你可能会遇到奇怪的问题。有时GUI也忙运行挺正常,有时却会无缘无故的崩溃。因此就需要这三个线程安全的函数:wx.PostEvent, wx.CallAfter和wx.CallLater。据Robin Dunn(wxPython作者)描述,wx.CallAfter使用了wx.PostEvent来给应用程序对象发生事件。应用程序会有个事件处理程序绑定到事件上,并在收到事件后,执行处理程序来做出反应。我认为wx.CallLater是在特定时间后调用了wx.CallAfter函数,已实现规定时间后发送事件。
Robin Dunn还指出Python全局解释锁 (GIL)也会避免多线程同时执行python字节码,这会限制程序使用CPU内核的数量。另外,他还说,“wxPython发布GIL是为了在调用wx API时,其他线程也可以运行”。换句话说,在多核机器上使用多线程,可能效果会不同。
总之,大概的意思是桑wx函数中,wx.CallLater是最抽象的线程安全函数, wx.CallAfter次之,wx.PostEvent是最低级的。下面的实例,演示了如何使用wx.CallAfter和wx.PostEvent函数来更新wxPython程序。
wxPython, Theading, wx.CallAfter and PubSub
wxPython邮件列表中,有些专家会告诉其他人使用wx.CallAfter,并利用PubSub实现wxPython应用程序与其他线程进行通讯,我也赞成。如下代码是具体实现:
import time import wx from threading import Thread from wx.lib.pubsub import Publisher ######################################################################## class TestThread(Thread): """Test Worker Thread Class.""" #---------------------------------------------------------------------- def __init__(self): """Init Worker Thread Class.""" Thread.__init__(self) self.start() # start the thread #---------------------------------------------------------------------- def run(self): """Run Worker Thread.""" # This is the code executing in the new thread. for i in range(6): time.sleep(10) wx.CallAfter(self.postTime, i) time.sleep(5) wx.CallAfter(Publisher().sendMessage, "update", "Thread finished!") #---------------------------------------------------------------------- def postTime(self, amt): """ Send time to GUI """ amtOfTime = (amt + 1) * 10 Publisher().sendMessage("update", amtOfTime) ######################################################################## class MyForm(wx.Frame): #---------------------------------------------------------------------- def __init__(self): wx.Frame.__init__(self, None, wx.ID_ANY, "Tutorial") # Add a panel so it looks the correct on all platforms panel = wx.Panel(self, wx.ID_ANY) self.displayLbl = wx.StaticText(panel, label="Amount of time since thread started goes here") self.btn = btn = wx.Button(panel, label="Start Thread") btn.Bind(wx.EVT_BUTTON, self.onButton) sizer = wx.BoxSizer(wx.VERTICAL) sizer.Add(self.displayLbl, 0, wx.ALL|wx.CENTER, 5) sizer.Add(btn, 0, wx.ALL|wx.CENTER, 5) panel.SetSizer(sizer) # create a pubsub receiver Publisher().subscribe(self.updateDisplay, "update") #---------------------------------------------------------------------- def onButton(self, event): """ Runs the thread """ TestThread() self.displayLbl.SetLabel("Thread started!") btn = event.GetEventObject() btn.Disable() #---------------------------------------------------------------------- def updateDisplay(self, msg): """ Receives data from thread and updates the display """ t = msg.data if isinstance(t, int): self.displayLbl.SetLabel("Time since thread started: %s seconds" % t) else: self.displayLbl.SetLabel("%s" % t) self.btn.Enable() #---------------------------------------------------------------------- # Run the program if __name__ == "__main__": app = wx.PySimpleApp() frame = MyForm().Show() app.MainLoop()
我们会用time模块来模拟耗时过程,请随意将自己的代码来代替,而在实际项目中,我用来打开Adobe Reader,并将其发送给打印机。这并没什么特别的,但我不用线程的话,应用程序中的打印按钮就会在文档发送过程中卡住,UI界面也会被挂起,直到文档发送完毕。即使一秒,两秒对用户来说都有卡的感觉。
总之,让我们来看看是如何工作的。在我们编写的Thread类中,我们重写了run方法。该线程在被实例化时即被启动,因为我们在__init__方法中有“self.start”代码。run方法中,我们循环6次,每次sheep10秒,然后使用wx.CallAfter和PubSub更新UI界面。循环结束后,我们发送结束消息给应用程序,通知用户。
你会注意到,在我们的代码中,我们是在按钮的事件处理程序中启动的线程。我们还禁用按钮,这样就不能开启多余的线程来。如果我们让一堆线程跑的话,UI界面就会随机的显示“已完成”,而实际却没有完成,这就会产生混乱。对用户来说是一个考验,你可以显示线程PID,来区分线程,你可能要在可以滚动的文本控件中输出信息,这样你就能看到各线程的动向。
最后可能就是PubSub接收器和事件的处理程序了:
def updateDisplay(self, msg): """ Receives data from thread and updates the display """ t = msg.data if isinstance(t, int): self.displayLbl.SetLabel("Time since thread started: %s seconds" % t) else: self.displayLbl.SetLabel("%s" % t) self.btn.Enable()
看我们如何从线程中提取消息,并用来更新界面?我们还使用接受到数据的类型来告诉我们什么显示给了用户。很酷吧?现在,我们玩点相对低级一点点,看wx.PostEvent是如何办的。
wx.PostEvent与线程
下面的代码是基于wxPython wiki编写的,这看起来比wx.CallAfter稍微复杂一下,但我相信我们能理解。
import time import wx from threading import Thread # Define notification event for thread completion EVT_RESULT_ID = wx.NewId() def EVT_RESULT(win, func): """Define Result Event.""" win.Connect(-1, -1, EVT_RESULT_ID, func) class ResultEvent(wx.PyEvent): """Simple event to carry arbitrary result data.""" def __init__(self, data): """Init Result Event.""" wx.PyEvent.__init__(self) self.SetEventType(EVT_RESULT_ID) self.data = data ######################################################################## class TestThread(Thread): """Test Worker Thread Class.""" #---------------------------------------------------------------------- def __init__(self, wxObject): """Init Worker Thread Class.""" Thread.__init__(self) self.wxObject = wxObject self.start() # start the thread #---------------------------------------------------------------------- def run(self): """Run Worker Thread.""" # This is the code executing in the new thread. for i in range(6): time.sleep(10) amtOfTime = (i + 1) * 10 wx.PostEvent(self.wxObject, ResultEvent(amtOfTime)) time.sleep(5) wx.PostEvent(self.wxObject, ResultEvent("Thread finished!")) ######################################################################## class MyForm(wx.Frame): #---------------------------------------------------------------------- def __init__(self): wx.Frame.__init__(self, None, wx.ID_ANY, "Tutorial") # Add a panel so it looks the correct on all platforms panel = wx.Panel(self, wx.ID_ANY) self.displayLbl = wx.StaticText(panel, label="Amount of time since thread started goes here") self.btn = btn = wx.Button(panel, label="Start Thread") btn.Bind(wx.EVT_BUTTON, self.onButton) sizer = wx.BoxSizer(wx.VERTICAL) sizer.Add(self.displayLbl, 0, wx.ALL|wx.CENTER, 5) sizer.Add(btn, 0, wx.ALL|wx.CENTER, 5) panel.SetSizer(sizer) # Set up event handler for any worker thread results EVT_RESULT(self, self.updateDisplay) #---------------------------------------------------------------------- def onButton(self, event): """ Runs the thread """ TestThread(self) self.displayLbl.SetLabel("Thread started!") btn = event.GetEventObject() btn.Disable() #---------------------------------------------------------------------- def updateDisplay(self, msg): """ Receives data from thread and updates the display """ t = msg.data if isinstance(t, int): self.displayLbl.SetLabel("Time since thread started: %s seconds" % t) else: self.displayLbl.SetLabel("%s" % t) self.btn.Enable() #---------------------------------------------------------------------- # Run the program if __name__ == "__main__": app = wx.PySimpleApp() frame = MyForm().Show() app.MainLoop()
让我们先稍微放一放,对我来说,最困扰的事情是第一块:
# Define notification event for thread completion EVT_RESULT_ID = wx.NewId() def EVT_RESULT(win, func): """Define Result Event.""" win.Connect(-1, -1, EVT_RESULT_ID, func) class ResultEvent(wx.PyEvent): """Simple event to carry arbitrary result data.""" def __init__(self, data): """Init Result Event.""" wx.PyEvent.__init__(self) self.SetEventType(EVT_RESULT_ID) self.data = data
EVT_RESULT_ID只是一个标识,它将线程与wx.PyEvent和“EVT_RESULT”函数关联起来,在wxPython代码中,我们将事件处理函数与EVT_RESULT进行捆绑,这就可以在线程中使用wx.PostEvent来将事件发送给自定义的ResultEvent了。
结束语
希望你已经明白在wxPython中基本的多线程技巧。还有其他多种多线程方法这里就不在涉及,如wx.Yield和Queues。幸好有wxPython wiki,它涵盖了这些话题,因此如果你有兴趣可以访问wiki的主页,查看这些方法的使用。

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