创建列表
代码如下:
sample_list = ['a',1,('a','b')]
Python 列表操作
代码如下:
sample_list = ['a','b',0,1,3]
得到列表中的某一个值
代码如下:
value_start = sample_list[0]
end_value = sample_list[-1]
删除列表的第一个值
代码如下:
del sample_list[0]
在列表中插入一个值
代码如下:
sample_list[0:0] = ['sample value']
得到列表的长度
代码如下:
list_length = len(sample_list)
列表遍历
代码如下:
for element in sample_list:
print 'element'
Python 列表高级操作/技巧
产生一个数值递增列表
代码如下:
num_inc_list = range(30)
#will return a list [0,1,2,...,29]
用某个固定值初始化列表
代码如下:
initial_value = 0
list_length = 5
sample_list = [ initial_value for i in range(10)]
sample_list = [initial_value]*list_length
# sample_list ==[0,0,0,0,0]
附:python内置类型
1、list:列表(即动态数组,C++标准库的vector,但可含不同类型的元素于一个list中)
a = ["I","you","he","she"] #元素可为任何类型。
下标:按下标读写,就当作数组处理
以0开始,有负下标的使用
0第一个元素,-1最后一个元素,
-len第一个元素,len-1最后一个元素
取list的元素数量
代码如下:
len(list) #list的长度。实际该方法是调用了此对象的__len__(self)方法。
创建连续的list
代码如下:
L = range(1,5) #即 L=[1,2,3,4],不含最后一个元素
L = range(1, 10, 2) #即 L=[1, 3, 5, 7, 9]
list的方法
代码如下:
L.append(var) #追加元素
L.insert(index,var)
L.pop(var) #返回最后一个元素,并从list中删除之
L.remove(var) #删除第一次出现的该元素
L.count(var) #该元素在列表中出现的个数
L.index(var) #该元素的位置,无则抛异常
L.extend(list) #追加list,即合并list到L上
L.sort() #排序
L.reverse() #倒序
list 操作符:,+,*,关键字del
a[1:] #片段操作符,用于子list的提取
[1,2]+[3,4] #为[1,2,3,4]。同extend()
[2]*4 #为[2,2,2,2]
del L[1] #删除指定下标的元素
del L[1:3] #删除指定下标范围的元素
list的复制
代码如下:
L1 = L #L1为L的别名,用C来说就是指针地址相同,对L1操作即对L操作。函数参数就是这样传递的
L1 = L[:] #L1为L的克隆,即另一个拷贝。
list comprehension
[
2、dictionary: 字典(即C++标准库的map)
代码如下:
dict = {'ob1':'computer', 'ob2':'mouse', 'ob3':'printer'}
每一个元素是pair,包含key、value两部分。key是Integer或string类型,value 是任意类型。
键是唯一的,字典只认最后一个赋的键值。
dictionary的方法
代码如下:
D.get(key, 0) #同dict[key],多了个没有则返回缺省值,0。[]没有则抛异常
D.has_key(key) #有该键返回TRUE,否则FALSE
D.keys() #返回字典键的列表
D.values() #以列表的形式返回字典中的值,返回值的列表中可包含重复元素
D.items() #将所有的字典项以列表方式返回,这些列表中的每一项都来自于(键,值),但是项在返回时并没有特殊的顺序
D.update(dict2) #增加合并字典
D.popitem() #得到一个pair,并从字典中删除它。已空则抛异常
D.clear() #清空字典,同del dict
D.copy() #拷贝字典
D.cmp(dict1,dict2) #比较字典,(优先级为元素个数、键大小、键值大小)
#第一个大返回1,小返回-1,一样返回0
dictionary的复制
dict1 = dict #别名
dict2=dict.copy() #克隆,即另一个拷贝。
3、tuple:元组(即常量数组)
代码如下:
tuple = ('a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e')
可以用list的 [],:操作符提取元素。就是不能直接修改元素。
4、string: 字符串(即不能修改的字符list)
代码如下:
str = "Hello My friend"
字符串是一个整体。如果你想直接修改字符串的某一部分,是不可能的。但我们能够读出字符串的某一部分。
子字符串的提取
代码如下:
str[:6]
字符串包含判断操作符:in,not in
代码如下:
"He" in str
"she" not in str
string模块,还提供了很多方法,如
代码如下:
S.find(substring, [start [,end]]) #可指范围查找子串,返回索引值,否则返回-1
S.rfind(substring,[start [,end]]) #反向查找
S.index(substring,[start [,end]]) #同find,只是找不到产生ValueError异常
S.rindex(substring,[start [,end]])#同上反向查找
S.count(substring,[start [,end]]) #返回找到子串的个数
S.lowercase()
S.capitalize() #首字母大写
S.lower() #转小写
S.upper() #转大写
S.swapcase() #大小写互换
S.split(str, ' ') #将string转list,以空格切分
S.join(list, ' ') #将list转string,以空格连接
处理字符串的内置函数
代码如下:
len(str) #串长度
cmp("my friend", str) #字符串比较。第一个大,返回1
max('abcxyz') #寻找字符串中最大的字符
min('abcxyz') #寻找字符串中最小的字符
string的转换
代码如下:
float(str) #变成浮点数,float("1e-1") 结果为0.1
int(str) #变成整型, int("12") 结果为12
int(str,base) #变成base进制整型数,int("11",2) 结果为2
long(str) #变成长整型,
long(str,base) #变成base进制长整型,
字符串的格式化(注意其转义字符,大多如C语言的,略)
str_format % (参数列表) #参数列表是以tuple的形式定义的,即不可运行中改变
>>>print ""%s's height is %dcm" % ("My brother", 180)
#结果显示为 My brother's height is 180cm
。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。
list 和 tuple 的相互转化
tuple(ls)
list(ls)

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In Python 3, two lists can be connected through a variety of methods: 1) Use operator, which is suitable for small lists, but is inefficient for large lists; 2) Use extend method, which is suitable for large lists, with high memory efficiency, but will modify the original list; 3) Use * operator, which is suitable for merging multiple lists, without modifying the original list; 4) Use itertools.chain, which is suitable for large data sets, with high memory efficiency.

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Key features of Python include: 1. The syntax is concise and easy to understand, suitable for beginners; 2. Dynamic type system, improving development speed; 3. Rich standard library, supporting multiple tasks; 4. Strong community and ecosystem, providing extensive support; 5. Interpretation, suitable for scripting and rapid prototyping; 6. Multi-paradigm support, suitable for various programming styles.

Python is an interpreted language, but it also includes the compilation process. 1) Python code is first compiled into bytecode. 2) Bytecode is interpreted and executed by Python virtual machine. 3) This hybrid mechanism makes Python both flexible and efficient, but not as fast as a fully compiled language.

Useaforloopwheniteratingoverasequenceorforaspecificnumberoftimes;useawhileloopwhencontinuinguntilaconditionismet.Forloopsareidealforknownsequences,whilewhileloopssuitsituationswithundeterminediterations.

Pythonloopscanleadtoerrorslikeinfiniteloops,modifyinglistsduringiteration,off-by-oneerrors,zero-indexingissues,andnestedloopinefficiencies.Toavoidthese:1)Use'i


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