本文实例讲述了python数据结构之图深度优先和广度优先用法。分享给大家供大家参考。具体如下:
首先有一个概念:回溯
回溯法(探索与回溯法)是一种选优搜索法,按选优条件向前搜索,以达到目标。但当探索到某一步时,发现原先选择并不优或达不到目标,就退回一步重新选择,这种走不通就退回再走的技术为回溯法,而满足回溯条件的某个状态的点称为“回溯点”。
深度优先算法:
(1)访问初始顶点v并标记顶点v已访问。
(2)查找顶点v的第一个邻接顶点w。
(3)若顶点v的邻接顶点w存在,则继续执行;否则回溯到v,再找v的另外一个未访问过的邻接点。
(4)若顶点w尚未被访问,则访问顶点w并标记顶点w为已访问。
(5)继续查找顶点w的下一个邻接顶点wi,如果v取值wi转到步骤(3)。直到连通图中所有顶点全部访问过为止。
广度优先算法:
(1)顶点v入队列。
(2)当队列非空时则继续执行,否则算法结束。
(3)出队列取得队头顶点v;访问顶点v并标记顶点v已被访问。
(4)查找顶点v的第一个邻接顶点col。
(5)若v的邻接顶点col未被访问过的,则col入队列。
(6)继续查找顶点v的另一个新的邻接顶点col,转到步骤(5)。直到顶点v的所有未被访问过的邻接点处理完。转到步骤(2)。
代码:
#!/usr/bin/python # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- class Graph(object): def __init__(self,*args,**kwargs): self.node_neighbors = {} self.visited = {} def add_nodes(self,nodelist): for node in nodelist: self.add_node(node) def add_node(self,node): if not node in self.nodes(): self.node_neighbors[node] = [] def add_edge(self,edge): u,v = edge if(v not in self.node_neighbors[u]) and ( u not in self.node_neighbors[v]): self.node_neighbors[u].append(v) if(u!=v): self.node_neighbors[v].append(u) def nodes(self): return self.node_neighbors.keys() def depth_first_search(self,root=None): order = [] def dfs(node): self.visited[node] = True order.append(node) for n in self.node_neighbors[node]: if not n in self.visited: dfs(n) if root: dfs(root) for node in self.nodes(): if not node in self.visited: dfs(node) print order return order def breadth_first_search(self,root=None): queue = [] order = [] def bfs(): while len(queue)> 0: node = queue.pop(0) self.visited[node] = True for n in self.node_neighbors[node]: if (not n in self.visited) and (not n in queue): queue.append(n) order.append(n) if root: queue.append(root) order.append(root) bfs() for node in self.nodes(): if not node in self.visited: queue.append(node) order.append(node) bfs() print order return order if __name__ == '__main__': g = Graph() g.add_nodes([i+1 for i in range(8)]) g.add_edge((1, 2)) g.add_edge((1, 3)) g.add_edge((2, 4)) g.add_edge((2, 5)) g.add_edge((4, 8)) g.add_edge((5, 8)) g.add_edge((3, 6)) g.add_edge((3, 7)) g.add_edge((6, 7)) print "nodes:", g.nodes() order = g.breadth_first_search(1) order = g.depth_first_search(1)
结果:
nodes: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
广度优先:
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
深度优先:
[1, 2, 4, 8, 5, 3, 6, 7]
希望本文所述对大家的Python程序设计有所帮助。

Python and C each have their own advantages, and the choice should be based on project requirements. 1) Python is suitable for rapid development and data processing due to its concise syntax and dynamic typing. 2)C is suitable for high performance and system programming due to its static typing and manual memory management.

Choosing Python or C depends on project requirements: 1) If you need rapid development, data processing and prototype design, choose Python; 2) If you need high performance, low latency and close hardware control, choose C.

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Python is suitable for beginners and data science, and C is suitable for system programming and game development. 1. Python is simple and easy to use, suitable for data science and web development. 2.C provides high performance and control, suitable for game development and system programming. The choice should be based on project needs and personal interests.

Python is more suitable for data science and rapid development, while C is more suitable for high performance and system programming. 1. Python syntax is concise and easy to learn, suitable for data processing and scientific computing. 2.C has complex syntax but excellent performance and is often used in game development and system programming.

It is feasible to invest two hours a day to learn Python. 1. Learn new knowledge: Learn new concepts in one hour, such as lists and dictionaries. 2. Practice and exercises: Use one hour to perform programming exercises, such as writing small programs. Through reasonable planning and perseverance, you can master the core concepts of Python in a short time.

Python is easier to learn and use, while C is more powerful but complex. 1. Python syntax is concise and suitable for beginners. Dynamic typing and automatic memory management make it easy to use, but may cause runtime errors. 2.C provides low-level control and advanced features, suitable for high-performance applications, but has a high learning threshold and requires manual memory and type safety management.


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