What is the difference and connection between template specialization and template partial specialization?

The difference between template specialization and template partial specialization: specialization targets specific template types, while partial specialization targets specific parameter combinations. Specialized instances have independent members, while partial specializations share members of the original template. Contact: Partial specialization is actually a specialization type, just specify the parameters to be partial specialization.

Template specialization and template partial specialization: differences and connections

Template specialization

Template specialization allows us to provide custom implementations for specific template instances. It creates a specialized version of a template by using the template syntax.

For example:

template <typename T>
struct Example {
    T value;
};

// 将模板特化为类型 `int`
template <>
struct Example<int> {
    int value;
    int anotherValue;
};

Template partial specialization

Template partial specialization allows us to provide a template for a specific combination of parameters. Custom implementation. It creates a partially specialized version of the template by using the template <...></...> syntax, where ... specifies the parameters to be partially specialized.

For example:

template <typename T, typename U>
struct Pair {
    T first;
    U second;
};

// 将模板偏特化为 `(int, double)`
template <typename T>
struct Pair<T, double> {
    T first;
    double second;
};

Difference

## Template specialization specializes for a specific template type, while template Partial specialization specializes for a specific combination of parameters.
• Specialized template instances have their own independent members and methods, while partially specialized template instances share members and methods with the original template.

Contact

Template partial specialization is actually a kind of template specialization. For a given template, the
• template <...> syntax can be thought of as template , where T1 , T2, ..., Tn are type parameters to be partially specialized.

Practical case

Case:Calculate the area of ​​various shapes

Solution:

// Shape 基类
struct Shape {
    virtual double area() = 0;
};

// Circle 类
struct Circle : public Shape {
    double radius;
    double area() override { return 3.14159 * radius * radius; }
};

// Rectangle 类
struct Rectangle : public Shape {
    double length;
    double width;
    double area() override { return length * width; }
};

// Square 类（Rectangle 的特化）
struct Square : public Rectangle {
    double side;
    double area() override { return side * side; }
};

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