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手册MySQL查询


  下面是一些学习如何用MySQL解决一些常见问题的例子。
  
  一些例子使用数据库表“shop”,包含某个商人的每篇文章(物品号)的价格。假定每个商人的每篇文章有一个单独的固定价格,那么(物品,商人)是记录的主键。
  
  你能这样创建例子数据库表:
  CREATE TABLE shop (
   article INT(4) UNSIGNED ZEROFILL DEFAULT '0000' NOT NULL,
   dealer CHAR(20)         DEFAULT ''   NOT NULL,
   price  DOUBLE(16,2)       DEFAULT '0.00' NOT NULL,
   PRIMARY KEY(article, dealer));
  
  INSERT INTO shop VALUES
  (1,'A',3.45),(1,'B',3.99),(2,'A',10.99),(3,'B',1.45),(3,'C',1.69),
  (3,'D',1.25),(4,'D',19.95);
  
  好了,例子数据是这样的:
  
  SELECT * FROM shop
  
  +---------+--------+-------+
  | article | dealer | price |
  +---------+--------+-------+
  |  0001 | A   | 3.45 |
  |  0001 | B   | 3.99 |
  |  0002 | A   | 10.99 |
  |  0003 | B   | 1.45 |
  |  0003 | C   | 1.69 |
  |  0003 | D   | 1.25 |
  |  0004 | D   | 19.95 |
  +---------+--------+-------+
  
  3.1 列的最大值
  “最大的物品号是什么?”
  
  SELECT MAX(article) AS article FROM shop
  
  +---------+
  | article |
  +---------+
  |    4 |
  +---------+
  
  3.2 拥有某个列的最大值的行
  “找出最贵的文章的编号、商人和价格”
  
  在ANSI-SQL中这很容易用一个子查询做到:
  
  SELECT article, dealer, price
  FROM  shop
  WHERE price=(SELECT MAX(price) FROM shop)
  
  在MySQL中(还没有子查询)就用2步做到:
  
  用一个SELECT语句从表中得到最大值。
  使用该值编出实际的查询:
  SELECT article, dealer, price
  FROM  shop
  WHERE price=19.95
  
  另一个解决方案是按价格降序排序所有行并用MySQL特定LIMIT子句只得到的第一行:
  
  SELECT article, dealer, price
  FROM  shop
  ORDER BY price DESC
  LIMIT 1
  
  注意:如果有多个最贵的文章( 例如每个19.95),LIMIT解决方案仅仅显示他们之一!
  
  3.3 列的最大值:按组:只有值
  “每篇文章的最高的价格是什么?”
  
  SELECT article, MAX(price) AS price
  FROM  shop
  GROUP BY article
  
  +---------+-------+
  | article | price |
  +---------+-------+
  |  0001 | 3.99 |
  |  0002 | 10.99 |
  |  0003 | 1.69 |
  |  0004 | 19.95 |
  +---------+-------+
  
  3.4 拥有某个字段的组间最大值的行
  “对每篇文章,找出有最贵的价格的交易者。”
  
  在ANSI SQL中,我可以用这样一个子查询做到:
  
  SELECT article, dealer, price
  FROM  shop s1
  WHERE price=(SELECT MAX(s2.price)
         FROM shop s2
         WHERE s1.article = s2.article)
  
  在MySQL中,最好是分几步做到:
  
  得到一个表(文章,maxprice)。见3.4 拥有某个域的组间最大值的行。
  对每篇文章,得到对应于存储最大价格的行。
  这可以很容易用一个临时表做到:
  
  CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE tmp (
      article INT(4) UNSIGNED ZEROFILL DEFAULT '0000' NOT NULL,
      price  DOUBLE(16,2)       DEFAULT '0.00' NOT NULL);
  
  LOCK TABLES article read;
  
  INSERT INTO tmp SELECT article, MAX(price) FROM shop GROUP BY article;
  
  SELECT article, dealer, price FROM shop, tmp
  WHERE shop.article=tmp.articel AND shop.price=tmp.price;
  
  UNLOCK TABLES;
  
  DROP TABLE tmp;
  
  如果你不使用一个TEMPORARY表,你也必须锁定“tmp”表。
  
  “它能一个单个查询做到吗?”
  
  是的,但是只有使用我称之为“MAX-CONCAT诡计”的一个相当低效的诡计:
  
  SELECT article,
      SUBSTRING( MAX( CONCAT(LPAD(price,6,'0'),dealer) ), 7) AS dealer,
   0.00+LEFT(   MAX( CONCAT(LPAD(price,6,'0'),dealer) ), 6) AS price
  FROM  shop
  GROUP BY article;
  
  +---------+--------+-------+
  | article | dealer | price |
  +---------+--------+-------+
  |  0001 | B   | 3.99 |
  |  0002 | A   | 10.99 |
  |  0003 | C   | 1.69 |
  |  0004 | D   | 19.95 |
  +---------+--------+-------+
  
  最后例子当然能通过在客户程序中分割连结的列使它更有效一点。
  
  3.5 使用外键
  不需要外键联结2个表。
  
  MySQL唯一不做的事情是CHECK以保证你使用的键确实在你正在引用表中存在,并且它不自动从有一个外键定义的表中删除行。如果你象平常那样使用你的键值,它将工作得很好!
  
  CREATE TABLE persons (
    id SMALLINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
    name CHAR(60) NOT NULL,
    PRIMARY KEY (id)
  );
  
  CREATE TABLE shirts (
    id SMALLINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
    style ENUM('t-shirt', 'polo', 'dress') NOT NULL,
    color ENUM('red', 'blue', 'orange', 'white', 'black') NOT NULL,
    owner SMALLINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL REFERENCES persons,
    PRIMARY KEY (id)
  );
  
  INSERT INTO persons VALUES (NULL, 'Antonio Paz');
  
  INSERT INTO shirts VALUES
  (NULL, 'polo', 'blue', LAST_INSERT_ID()),
  (NULL, 'dress', 'white', LAST_INSERT_ID()),
  (NULL, 't-shirt', 'blue', LAST_INSERT_ID());
  
  INSERT INTO persons VALUES (NULL, 'Lilliana Angelovska');
  
  INSERT INTO shirts VALUES
  (NULL, 'dress', 'orange', LAST_INSERT_ID()),
  (NULL, 'polo', 'red', LAST_INSERT_ID()),
  (NULL, 'dress', 'blue', LAST_INSERT_ID()),
  (NULL, 't-shirt', 'white', LAST_INSERT_ID());
  
  SELECT * FROM persons;
  +----+---------------------+
  | id | name        |
  +----+---------------------+
  | 1 | Antonio Paz     |
  | 2 | Lilliana Angelovska |
  +----+---------------------+
  
  SELECT * FROM shirts;
  +----+---------+--------+-------+
  | id | style  | color | owner |
  +----+---------+--------+-------+
  | 1 | polo  | blue  |   1 |
  | 2 | dress  | white |   1 |
  | 3 | t-shirt | blue  |   1 |
  | 4 | dress  | orange |   2 |
  | 5 | polo  | red  |   2 |
  | 6 | dress  | blue  |   2 |
  | 7 | t-shirt | white |   2 |
  +----+---------+--------+-------+
  
  SELECT s.* FROM persons p, shirts s
   WHERE p.name LIKE 'Lilliana%'
    AND s.owner = p.id
    AND s.color 'white';
  
  +----+-------+--------+-------+
  | id | style | color | owner |
  +----+-------+--------+-------+
  | 4 | dress | orange |   2 |
  | 5 | polo | red  |   2 |
  | 6 | dress | blue  |   2 |
  +----+-------+--------+-------+
  
  
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