一、适合读者对象:数据库开发程序员,数据库的数据量很多,涉及到对SP(存储过程)的优化的项目开发人员,对数据库有浓厚兴趣的人。
二、介绍:在数据库的开发过程中,经常会遇到复杂的业务逻辑和对数据库的操作,这个时候就会用SP来封装数据库操作。如果项目的SP较多,书写又没有一定的规范,将会影响以后的系统维护困难和大SP逻辑的难以理解,另外如果数据库的数据量大或者项目对SP的性能要求很,就会遇到优化的问题,否则速度有可能很慢,经过亲身经验,一个经过优化过的SP要比一个性能差的SP的效率甚至高几百倍。
三、内容:
1、开发人员如果用到其他库的Table或View,务必在当前库中建立View来实现跨库操作,最好不要直接使用“databse.dbo.table_name”,因为sp_depends不能显示出该SP所使用的跨库table或view,不方便校验。
2、开发人员在提交SP前,必须已经使用set showplan on分析过查询计划,做过自身的查询优化检查。
3、高程序运行效率,优化应用程序,在SP编写过程中应该注意以下几点:
a)SQL的使用规范:
i. 尽量避免大事务操作,慎用holdlock子句,提高系统并发能力。
ii. 尽量避免反复访问同一张或几张表,尤其是数据量较大的表,可以考虑先根据条件提取数据到临时表中,然后再做连接。
iii. 尽量避免使用游标,因为游标的效率较差,如果游标操作的数据超过1万行,那么就应该改写;如果使用了游标,就要尽量避免在游标循环中再进行表连接的操作。
iv. 注意where字句写法,必须考虑语句顺序,应该根据索引顺序、范围大小来确定条件子句的前后顺序,尽可能的让字段顺序与索引顺序相一致,范围从大到小。
v. 不要在where子句中的“=”左边进行函数、算术运算或其他表达式运算,否则系统将可能无法正确使用索引。
vi. 尽量使用exists代替select count(1)来判断是否存在记录,count函数只有在统计表中所有行数时使用,而且count(1)比count(*)更有效率。
vii. 尽量使用“>=”,不要使用“>”。
viii. 注意一些or子句和union子句之间的替换
ix. 注意表之间连接的数据类型,避免不同类型数据之间的连接。
x. 注意存储过程中参数和数据类型的关系。
xi. 注意insert、update操作的数据量,防止与其他应用冲突。如果数据量超过200个数据页面(400k),那么系统将会进行锁升级,页级锁会升级成表级锁。
b)索引的使用规范:
i. 索引的创建要与应用结合考虑,建议大的OLTP表不要超过6个索引。
ii. 尽可能的使用索引字段作为查询条件,尤其是聚簇索引,必要时可以通过index index_name来强制指定索引
iii. 避免对大表查询时进行table scan,必要时考虑新建索引。
iv. 在使用索引字段作为条件时,如果该索引是联合索引,那么必须使用到该索引中的第一个字段作为条件时才能保证系统使用该索引,否则该索引将不会被使用。
v. 要注意索引的维护,周期性重建索引,重新编译存储过程。
c)tempdb的使用规范:
i. 尽量避免使用distinct、order by、group by、having、join、cumpute,因为这些语句会加重tempdb的负担。
ii. 避免频繁创建和删除临时表,减少系统表资源的消耗。
iii. 在新建临时表时,如果一次性插入数据量很大,那么可以使用select into代替create table,避免log,提高速度;如果数据量不大,为了缓和系统表的资源,建议先create table,然后insert。
iv. 如果临时表的数据量较大,需要建立索引,那么应该将创建临时表和建立索引的过程放在单独一个子存储过程中,这样才能保证系统能够很好的使用到该临时表的索引。
v. 如果使用到了临时表,在存储过程的最后务必将所有的临时表显式删除,先truncate table,然后drop table,这样可以避免系统表的较长时间锁定。
vi. 慎用大的临时表与其他大表的连接查询和修改,减低系统表负担,因为这种操作会在一条语句中多次使用tempdb的系统表。
d)合理的算法使用:
根据上面已提到的SQL优化技术和ASE Tuning手册中的SQL优化内容,结合实际应用,采用多种算法进行比较,以获得消耗资源最少、效率最高的方法。具体可用ASE调优命令:set statistics io on, set statistics time on , set showplan on 等。

MySQLoffersvariousstorageengines,eachsuitedfordifferentusecases:1)InnoDBisidealforapplicationsneedingACIDcomplianceandhighconcurrency,supportingtransactionsandforeignkeys.2)MyISAMisbestforread-heavyworkloads,lackingtransactionsupport.3)Memoryengineis

Common security vulnerabilities in MySQL include SQL injection, weak passwords, improper permission configuration, and unupdated software. 1. SQL injection can be prevented by using preprocessing statements. 2. Weak passwords can be avoided by forcibly using strong password strategies. 3. Improper permission configuration can be resolved through regular review and adjustment of user permissions. 4. Unupdated software can be patched by regularly checking and updating the MySQL version.

Identifying slow queries in MySQL can be achieved by enabling slow query logs and setting thresholds. 1. Enable slow query logs and set thresholds. 2. View and analyze slow query log files, and use tools such as mysqldumpslow or pt-query-digest for in-depth analysis. 3. Optimizing slow queries can be achieved through index optimization, query rewriting and avoiding the use of SELECT*.

To monitor the health and performance of MySQL servers, you should pay attention to system health, performance metrics and query execution. 1) Monitor system health: Use top, htop or SHOWGLOBALSTATUS commands to view CPU, memory, disk I/O and network activities. 2) Track performance indicators: monitor key indicators such as query number per second, average query time and cache hit rate. 3) Ensure query execution optimization: Enable slow query logs, record and optimize queries whose execution time exceeds the set threshold.

The main difference between MySQL and MariaDB is performance, functionality and license: 1. MySQL is developed by Oracle, and MariaDB is its fork. 2. MariaDB may perform better in high load environments. 3.MariaDB provides more storage engines and functions. 4.MySQL adopts a dual license, and MariaDB is completely open source. The existing infrastructure, performance requirements, functional requirements and license costs should be taken into account when choosing.

MySQL uses a GPL license. 1) The GPL license allows the free use, modification and distribution of MySQL, but the modified distribution must comply with GPL. 2) Commercial licenses can avoid public modifications and are suitable for commercial applications that require confidentiality.

The situations when choosing InnoDB instead of MyISAM include: 1) transaction support, 2) high concurrency environment, 3) high data consistency; conversely, the situation when choosing MyISAM includes: 1) mainly read operations, 2) no transaction support is required. InnoDB is suitable for applications that require high data consistency and transaction processing, such as e-commerce platforms, while MyISAM is suitable for read-intensive and transaction-free applications such as blog systems.

In MySQL, the function of foreign keys is to establish the relationship between tables and ensure the consistency and integrity of the data. Foreign keys maintain the effectiveness of data through reference integrity checks and cascading operations. Pay attention to performance optimization and avoid common errors when using them.


Hot AI Tools

Undresser.AI Undress
AI-powered app for creating realistic nude photos

AI Clothes Remover
Online AI tool for removing clothes from photos.

Undress AI Tool
Undress images for free

Clothoff.io
AI clothes remover

Video Face Swap
Swap faces in any video effortlessly with our completely free AI face swap tool!

Hot Article

Hot Tools

SublimeText3 English version
Recommended: Win version, supports code prompts!

VSCode Windows 64-bit Download
A free and powerful IDE editor launched by Microsoft

PhpStorm Mac version
The latest (2018.2.1) professional PHP integrated development tool

WebStorm Mac version
Useful JavaScript development tools

Dreamweaver CS6
Visual web development tools
