连接查询
通过连接运算符可以实现多个表查询。连接是关系数据库模型的主要特点,也是它区别于其它类型数据库管理系统的一个标志。
在关系数据库管理系统中,表建立时各数据之间的关系不必确定,常把一个实体的所有信息存放在一个表中。当检索数据时,通过连接操作查询出存放在多个表中的不同实体的信息。连接操作给用户带来很大的灵活性,他们可以在任何时候增加新的数据类型。为不同实体创建新的表,尔后通过连接进行查询。
连接可以在SELECT 语句的FROM子句或WHERE子句中建立,似是而非在FROM子句中指出连接时有助于将连接操作与WHERE子句中的搜索条件区分开来。所以,在Transact-SQL中推荐使用这种方法。
SQL-92标准所定义的FROM子句的连接语法格式为:
FROM join_table join_type join_table
[ON (join_condition)]
其中join_table指出参与连接操作的表名,连接可以对同一个表操作,也可以对多表操作,对同一个表操作的连接又称做自连接。
join_type 指出连接类型,可分为三种:内连接、外连接和交叉连接。内连接(INNER JOIN)使用比较运算符进行表间某(些)列数据的比较操作,并列出这些表中与连接条件相匹配的数据行。根据所使用的比较方式不同,内连接又分为等值连接、自然连接和不等连接三种。
外连接分为左外连接(LEFT OUTER JOIN或LEFT JOIN)、右外连接(RIGHT OUTER JOIN或RIGHT JOIN)和全外连接(FULL OUTER JOIN或FULL JOIN)三种。与内连接不同的是,外连接不只列出与连接条件相匹配的行,而是列出左表(左外连接时)、右表(右外连接时)或两个表(全外连接时)中所有符合搜索条件的数据行。
交叉连接(CROSS JOIN)没有WHERE 子句,它返回连接表中所有数据行的笛卡尔积,其结果集合中的数据行数等于第一个表中符合查询条件的数据行数乘以第二个表中符合查询条件的数据行数。
连接操作中的ON (join_condition) 子句指出连接条件,它由被连接表中的列和比较运算符、逻辑运算符等构成。
无论哪种连接都不能对text、ntext和image数据类型列进行直接连接,但可以对这三种列进行间接连接。例如:
SELECT p1.pub_id,p2.pub_id,p1.pr_info
FROM pub_info AS p1 INNER JOIN pub_info AS p2
ON DATALENGTH(p1.pr_info)=DATALENGTH(p2.pr_info)
(一)内连接
内连接查询操作列出与连接条件匹配的数据行,它使用比较运算符比较被连接列的列值。内连接分三种:
1、等值连接:在连接条件中使用等于号(=)运算符比较被连接列的列值,其查询结果中列出被连接表中的所有列,包括其中的重复列。
2、不等连接: 在连接条件使用除等于运算符以外的其它比较运算符比较被连接的列的列值。这些运算符包括>、>=、、!。
3、自然连接:在连接条件中使用等于(=)运算符比较被连接列的列值,但它使用选择列表指出查询结果集合中所包括的列,并删除连接表中的重复列。
例,下面使用等值连接列出authors和publishers表中位于同一城市的作者和出版社:
SELECT *
FROM authors AS a INNER JOIN publishers AS p
ON a.city=p.city
又如使用自然连接,在选择列表中删除authors 和publishers 表中重复列(city和state):
SELECT a.*,p.pub_id,p.pub_name,p.country
FROM authors AS a INNER JOIN publishers AS p
ON a.city=p.city
(二)外连接
内连接时,返回查询结果集合中的仅是符合查询条件( WHERE 搜索条件或 HAVING 条件)和连接条件的行。而采用外连接时,它返回到查询结果集合中的不仅包含符合连接条件的行,而且还包括左表(左外连接时)、右表(右外连接时)或两个边接表(全外连接)中的所有数据行。
如下面使用左外连接将论坛内容和作者信息连接起来:
SELECT a.*,b.* FROM luntan LEFT JOIN usertable as b
ON a.username=b.username
下面使用全外连接将city表中的所有作者以及user表中的所有作者,以及他们所在的城市:
SELECT a.*,b.*
FROM city as a FULL OUTER JOIN user as b
ON a.username=b.username
(三)交叉连接
交叉连接不带WHERE 子句,它返回被连接的两个表所有数据行的笛卡尔积,返回到结果集合中的数据行数等于第一个表中符合查询条件的数据行数乘以第二个表中符合查询条件的数据行数。
例,titles表中有6类图书,而publishers表中有8家出版社,则下列交叉连接检索到的记录数将等
于6*8=48行。
SELECT type,pub_name
FROM titles CROSS JOIN publishers
ORDER BY type
原作者:不详
来源:MSSQL设计实务

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