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HomeDatabaseMysql Tutorial优化MySQL数据库查询的三种方法_MySQL

MySQL优化MySQL查询

    任何一位数据库程序员都会有这样的体会:高通信量的数据库驱动程序中,一条糟糕的SQL查询语句可对整个应用程序的运行产生严重的影响,其不仅消耗掉更多的数据库时间,且它将对其他应用组件产生影响。

    如同其它学科,优化查询性能很大程度上决定于开发者的直觉。幸运的是,像MySQL这样的数据库自带有一些协助工具。本文简要讨论诸多工具之三种:使用索引,使用EXPLAIN分析查询以及调整MySQL的内部配置。

    一、使用索引

    MySQL允许对数据库表进行索引,以此能迅速查找记录,而无需一开始就扫描整个表,由此显著地加快查询速度。每个表最多可以做到16个索引,此外MySQL还支持多列索引及全文检索。

    给表添加一个索引非常简单,只需调用一个CREATE INDEX命令并为索引指定它的域即可。

    这里,对users表的username域做索引,以确保在WHERE或者HAVING子句中引用这一域的SELECT查询语句运行速度比没有添加索引时要快。

    值得注意的是:索引就像一把双刃剑。对表的每一域做索引通常没有必要,且很可能导致运行速度减慢,因为向表中插入或修改数据时,MySQL不得不每次都为这些额外的工作重新建立索引。另一方面,避免对表的每一域做索引同样不是一个非常好的主意,因为在提高插入记录的速度时,导致查询操作的速度减慢。这就需要找到一个平衡点,比如在设计索引系统时,考虑表的主要功能(数据修复及编辑)不失为一种明智的选择。

    二、优化查询性能

    在分析查询性能时,考虑EXPLAIN关键字同样很管用。EXPLAIN关键字一般放在SELECT查询语句的前面,用于描述MySQL如何执行查询操作、以及MySQL成功返回结果集需要执行的行数。

    三、调整内部变量

    MySQL是如此的开放,所以可轻松地进一步调整其缺省设置以获得更优的性能及稳定性。需要优化的一些关键变量如下:

    改变索引缓冲区长度(key_buffer)

    一般,该变量控制缓冲区的长度在处理索引表(读/写操作)时使用。MySQL使用手册指出该变量可以不断增加以确保索引表的最佳性能,并推荐使用与系统内存25%的大小作为该变量的值。这是MySQL十分重要的配置变量之一,如果你对优化和提高系统性能有兴趣,可以从改变 key_buffer_size变量的值开始。

    改变表长(read_buffer_size)

    当一个查询不断地扫描某一个表,MySQL会为它分配一段内存缓冲区。read_buffer_size变量控制这一缓冲区的大小。如果你认为连续扫描进行得太慢,可以通过增加该变量值以及内存缓冲区大小提高其性能。

    设定打开表的数目的最大值(table_cache)

    该变量控制MySQL在任何时候打开表的最大数目,由此能控制服务器响应输入请求的能力。它跟max_connections变量密切相关,增加table_cache值可使MySQL打开更多的表,就如增加max_connections值可增加连接数一样。当收到大量不同数据库及表的请求时,可以考虑改变这一值的大小。

    对缓长查询设定一个时间限制(long_query_time)

    MySQL带有“慢查询日志”,它会自动地记录所有的在一个特定的时间范围内尚未结束的查询。这个日志对于跟踪那些低效率或者行为不端的查询以及寻找优化对象都非常有用。long_query_time变量控制这一最大时间限定,以秒为单位。

    以上讨论并给出用于分析和优化SQL查询的三种工具的使用方法,以此提高你的应用程序性能。

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