提示:浅析MySQL数据库授权原则.
MySQL是一个跨平台的开源关系型数据库管理系统,是我们常用的最经济实惠的数据库,由于其体积小、速度快、总体拥有成本低,尤其是开放源码这一特点,更让用户得到最切实的实在,很多用户在应用中对授权原则不是很了了解,下面我们就为大家来解析。
服务器重新启动的情况
当mysqld启动时,所有的授权表内容被读进存储器并且从那时开始生效。
被服务器立即应用的情况
用GRANT、REVOKE或SET PASSWORD对授权表施行的修改会立即被服务器注意到。
直接修改授权表的情况
如果你手工地修改授权表(使用INSERT、UPDATE等等),你应该执行一个FLUSH PRIVILEGES语句或运行mysqladmin flush-privileges告诉服务器再装载授权表,否则你的改变将不生效,除非你重启服务器。
对现有客户连接的影响情况
当服务器注意到授权表被改变了时,现存的客户连接有如下影响:
?表和列权限在客户的下一次请求时生效。
?数据库权限改变在下一个USE db_name命令生效。
?全局权限的改变和口令改变在下一次客户连接时生效。
授权原则
无论怎么小心都难免在给用户授权时留有漏洞,希望下面的内容能给你一些帮助,你一般应该遵守这些规则。
只有root用户拥有授权表的改写权
不要把授权表的改写权授予除root用户之外的其它用户(当然,如果你可以用另一个用户代替root用户进行管理,以增加安全性)。因为这样,用户可以通过改写授权表而推翻现有的权限。产生安全漏洞。
一般情况下,你可能不会犯这个错误,但是在安装新的分发, 初始授权表之后。这个漏洞是存在的,如果你不了解这时授权表的内容你可能会犯错误。
在Unix(Linux)上,在按照手册的指令安装好MySQL后,你必须运行mysql_install_db脚本建立包含授权表的mysql数据库和初始权限。在Windows上,运行分发中的Setup程序初始化数据目录和mysql数据库。假定服务器也在运行。
当你第一次在机器上安装MySQL时,mysql数据库中的授权表是这样初始化的:
?你可以从本地主机(localhost)上以root连接而不指定口令。root用户拥有所有权限(包括管理权限)并可做任何事情。(顺便说明,MySQL超级用户与Unix超级用户有相同的名字,他们彼此毫无关系。)
?匿名访问被授予用户可从本地连接名为test和任何名字以test_开始的数据库。匿名用户可对数据库做任何事情,但无管理权限。
一般地,建议你删除匿名用户记录:
mysql> DELETE FROM user WHERE User="";
更进一步,同时删除其他授权表中的任何匿名用户,有User列的表有db、tables_priv和columns_priv。
另外要给root用户设置密码。
关于用户、口令及主机的设置
?对所有MySQL用户使用口令。
记住,如果other_user没有口令,任何人能简单地用mysql -u other_user db_name作为任何其它的人登录。对客户机/服务器应用程序,客户可以指定任何用户名是常见的做法。在你运行它以前,你可以通过编辑mysql_install_db脚本改变所有用户的口令,或仅仅MySQL root的口令,象这样:
shell> mysql -u root mysql
mysql> UPDATE user SET Password=PASSWORD('new_password')
-> WHERE user='root';
mysql> FLUSH PRIVILEGES;

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