十一、维护
如果可能,偶尔运行一下OPTIMIZE table,这对大量更新的变长行非常重要。
偶尔用myisamchk -a更新一下表中的键码分布统计。记住在做之前关掉MySQL。
如果有碎片文件,可能值得将所有文件复制到另一个磁盘上,清除原来的磁盘并拷回文件。
如果遇到问题,用myisamchk或CHECK table检查表。
用mysqladmin -i10 precesslist extended-status监控MySQL的状态。
用MySQL GUI客户程序,你可以在不同的窗口内监控进程列表和状态。
使用mysqladmin debug获得有关锁定和性能的信息。
十二、优化SQL
扬SQL之长,其它事情交由应用去做。使用SQL服务器来做:
找出基于WHERE子句的行。
JOIN表
GROUP BY
ORDER BY
DISTINCT
不要使用SQL来做:
检验数据(如日期)
成为一只计算器
技巧:
明智地使用键码。
键码适合搜索,但不适合索引列的插入/更新。
保持数据为数据库第三范式,但不要担心冗余信息或这如果你需要更快的速度,创建总结表。
在大表上不做GROUP BY,相反创建大表的总结表并查询它。
UPDATE table set count=count+1 where key_column=constant非常快。
对于大表,或许最好偶尔生成总结表而不是一直保持总结表。
充分利用INSERT的默认值。
十三、不同SQL服务器的速度差别(以秒计)
通过键码读取2000000行: NT Linux
mysql 367 249
mysql_odbc 464
db2_odbc 1206
informix_odbc 121126
ms-sql_odbc 1634
oracle_odbc 20800
solid_odbc 877
sybase_odbc 17614
插入350768行: NT Linux
mysql 381 206
mysql_odbc 619
db2_odbc 3460
informix_odbc 2692
ms-sql_odbc 4012
oracle_odbc 11291
solid_odbc 1801
sybase_odbc 4802
在上述测试中,MySQL配置8M高速缓存运行,其他数据库以默认安装运行。
十四、重要的MySQL启动选项
back_log 如果需要大量新连接,修改它。
thread_cache_size 如果需要大量新连接,修改它。
key_buffer_size 索引页池,可以设成很大。
bdb_cache_size BDB表使用的记录和键吗高速缓存。
table_cache 如果有很多的表和并发连接,修改它。
delay_key_write 如果需要缓存所有键码写入,设置它。
log_slow_queries 找出需花大量时间的查询。
max_heap_table_size 用于GROUP BY
sort_buffer 用于ORDER BY和GROUP BY
myisam_sort_buffer_size 用于REPAIR TABLE
join_buffer_size 在进行无键吗的联结时使用。
十五、优化表
MySQL拥有一套丰富的类型。你应该对每一列尝试使用最有效的类型。
ANALYSE过程可以帮助你找到表的最优类型:SELECT * FROM table_name PROCEDURE ANALYSE()。
对于不保存NULL值的列使用NOT NULL,这对你想索引的列尤其重要。
将ISAM类型的表改为MyISAM。
如果可能,用固定的表格式创建表。
不要索引你不想用的东西。
利用MySQL能按一个索引的前缀进行查询的事实。如果你有索引INDEX(a,b),你不需要在a上的索引。
不在长CHAR/VARCHAR列上创建索引,而只索引列的一个前缀以节省存储空间。CREATE TABLE table_name (hostname CHAR(255) not null, index(hostname(10)))
对每个表使用最有效的表格式。
在不同表中保存相同信息的列应该有同样的定义并具有相同的列名

MySQL's position in databases and programming is very important. It is an open source relational database management system that is widely used in various application scenarios. 1) MySQL provides efficient data storage, organization and retrieval functions, supporting Web, mobile and enterprise-level systems. 2) It uses a client-server architecture, supports multiple storage engines and index optimization. 3) Basic usages include creating tables and inserting data, and advanced usages involve multi-table JOINs and complex queries. 4) Frequently asked questions such as SQL syntax errors and performance issues can be debugged through the EXPLAIN command and slow query log. 5) Performance optimization methods include rational use of indexes, optimized query and use of caches. Best practices include using transactions and PreparedStatemen

MySQL is suitable for small and large enterprises. 1) Small businesses can use MySQL for basic data management, such as storing customer information. 2) Large enterprises can use MySQL to process massive data and complex business logic to optimize query performance and transaction processing.

InnoDB effectively prevents phantom reading through Next-KeyLocking mechanism. 1) Next-KeyLocking combines row lock and gap lock to lock records and their gaps to prevent new records from being inserted. 2) In practical applications, by optimizing query and adjusting isolation levels, lock competition can be reduced and concurrency performance can be improved.

MySQL is not a programming language, but its query language SQL has the characteristics of a programming language: 1. SQL supports conditional judgment, loops and variable operations; 2. Through stored procedures, triggers and functions, users can perform complex logical operations in the database.

MySQL is an open source relational database management system, mainly used to store and retrieve data quickly and reliably. Its working principle includes client requests, query resolution, execution of queries and return results. Examples of usage include creating tables, inserting and querying data, and advanced features such as JOIN operations. Common errors involve SQL syntax, data types, and permissions, and optimization suggestions include the use of indexes, optimized queries, and partitioning of tables.

MySQL is an open source relational database management system suitable for data storage, management, query and security. 1. It supports a variety of operating systems and is widely used in Web applications and other fields. 2. Through the client-server architecture and different storage engines, MySQL processes data efficiently. 3. Basic usage includes creating databases and tables, inserting, querying and updating data. 4. Advanced usage involves complex queries and stored procedures. 5. Common errors can be debugged through the EXPLAIN statement. 6. Performance optimization includes the rational use of indexes and optimized query statements.

MySQL is chosen for its performance, reliability, ease of use, and community support. 1.MySQL provides efficient data storage and retrieval functions, supporting multiple data types and advanced query operations. 2. Adopt client-server architecture and multiple storage engines to support transaction and query optimization. 3. Easy to use, supports a variety of operating systems and programming languages. 4. Have strong community support and provide rich resources and solutions.

InnoDB's lock mechanisms include shared locks, exclusive locks, intention locks, record locks, gap locks and next key locks. 1. Shared lock allows transactions to read data without preventing other transactions from reading. 2. Exclusive lock prevents other transactions from reading and modifying data. 3. Intention lock optimizes lock efficiency. 4. Record lock lock index record. 5. Gap lock locks index recording gap. 6. The next key lock is a combination of record lock and gap lock to ensure data consistency.


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