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    提示:SQL 是用于访问和处理数据库的标准的计算机语言。


SQL 是用于访问和处理数据库的标准的计算机语言。

通过 SQL 来管理数据
结构化查询语言 (SQL) 是用于访问数据库的标准语言,这些数据库包括 SQL Server、Oracle、MySQL、Sybase 以及 Access 等等。

对于那些希望在数据库中存储数据并从中获取数据的人来说,SQL 的知识是价值无法衡量的。

什么是 SQL?
SQL 指结构化查询语言 (Structured Query Language)
SQL 使我们有能力访问数据库
SQL 是一种 ANSI 的标准计算机语言
SQL 面向数据库执行查询
SQL 可从数据库取回数据
SQL 可在数据库中插入新的纪录
SQL 可从数据库删除记录
SQL 很容易学习
编者注:ANSI,美国国家标准化组织

SQL 是一种标准 - 但是...
SQL 是一门 ANSI 的标准计算机语言,用来访问和操作数据库系统。SQL 语句用于取回和更新数据库中的数据。SQL 可与数据库程序协同工作,比如 MS Access、DB2、Informix、MS SQL Server、Oracle、Sybase 以及其他数据库系统。

不幸地是,存在着很多不同版本的 SQL 语言,但是为了与 ANSI 标准相兼容,它们必须以相似的方式共同地来支持一些主要的关键词(比如 SELECT、UPDATE、DELETE、INSERT、WHERE 等等)。

注释:除了 SQL 标准之外,大部分 SQL 数据库程序都拥有它们自己的私有扩展!

SQL 数据库表
一个数据库通常包含一个或多个表。每个表由一个名字标识(例如“客户”或者“订单”)。表包含带有数据的记录(行)。

下面的例子是一个名为 "Persons" 的表:

LastName FirstName Address City
Hansen Ola Timoteivn 10 Sandnes
Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes
Pettersen Kari Storgt 20 Stavanger

上面的表包含三条记录(每一条对应一个人)和四个列(姓、名、地址和城市)。

SQL 查询程序
通过 SQL,我们可以查询某个数据库,并获得返回的一个结果集。

查询程序类似这样:

SELECT LastName FROM Persons结果集类似这样:

LastName
Hansen
Svendson
Pettersen

注释:某些数据库系统要求在 SQL 命令的末端使用分号。在我们的教程中不使用分号。

SQL 数据操作语言 (DML)
SQL (结构化查询语言)是用于执行查询的语法。但是 SQL 语言也包含用于更新、插入和删除记录的语法。

这些查询和更新语句都来自 SQL 的 DML 部分:

SELECT - 从数据库表中获取数据
UPDATE - 更新数据库表中的数据
DELETE - 从数据库表中删除数据
INSERT INTO - 向数据库表中插入数据
SQL 数据定义语言 (DDL)
SQL 的数据定义语言部分使我们有能力创建或删除表格。我们也可以定义索引(键),规定表之间的链接,以及施加表间的约束。

SQL 中最重要的 DDL 语句:

CREATE TABLE - 创建新表
ALTER TABLE - 变更(改变)数据库表
DROP TABLE - 删除表
CREATE INDEX - 创建索引(搜索键)
DROP INDEX - 删除索引

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