search
HomeDatabaseMysql Tutorial轻松备份mysql 数据库_MySQL

bitsCN.com

  在数据库表丢失或损坏的情况下,备份你的数据库是很重要的。如果发生系统崩溃,你肯定想能够将你的表尽可能丢失最少的数据恢复到崩溃发生时的状态。有时,正是MySQL管理员造成破坏。管理员已经知道表已破坏,用诸如vi或Emacs等编辑器试图直接编辑它们,这对表绝对不是件好事!


  备份数据库两个主要方法是用mysqldump程序或直接拷贝数据库文件(如用cp、cpio或tar等)。 每种方法都有其优缺点: mysqldump与MySQL服务器协同操作。直接拷贝方法在服务器外部进行,并且你必须采取措施保证没有客户正在修改你将拷贝的表。如果你想用文件系统备份来备份数据库,也会发生同样的问题:如果数据库表在文件系统备份过程中被修改,进入备份的表文件主语不一致的状态,而对以后的恢复表将失去意义。


  文件系统备份与直接拷贝文件的区别是对后者你完全控制了备份过程,这样你能采取措施确保服务器让表不受干扰。mysqldump比直接拷贝要慢些。 mysqldump生成能够移植到其它机器的文本文件,甚至那些有不同硬件结构的机器上。


  直接拷贝文件不能移植到其它机器上,除非你正在拷贝的表使用MyISAM存储格式。ISAM表只能在相似的硬件结构的机器上拷贝。在MySQL 3.23中引入的MyISAM表存储格式解决了该问题,因为该格式是机器无关的,所以直接拷贝文件可以移植到具有不同硬件结构的机器上。只要满足两个条件:另一台机器必须也运行MySQL 3.23或以后版本,而且文件必须以MyISAM格式表示,而不是ISAM格式。


  不管你使用哪种备份方法,如果你需要恢复数据库,有几个原则应该遵守,以确保最好的结果:

定期实施备份。建立一个计划并严格遵守。


  让服务器执行更新日志。当你在崩溃后需要恢复数据时,更新日志将帮助你。在你用备份文件恢复数据到备份时的状态后,你可以通过运行更新日志中的查询再次运用备份后面的修改,这将数据库中的表恢复到崩溃发生时的状态。以文件系统备份的术语讲,数据库备份文件代表完全倾倒(full dump),而更新日志代表渐进倾倒(incremental dump)。


  使用一种统一的和易理解的备份文件命名机制。

象backup1、buckup2等不是特别有意义。当实施你的恢复时,你将浪费时间找出文件里是什么东西。你可能发觉用数据库名和日期构成备份文件名会很有用。例如:

%mysqldump samp_db >/usr/archives/mysql/samp_db.1999-10-02

%mysqldump menagerie >/usr/archives/mysql/menagerie.1999-10-02

你可能想在生成备份后压缩它们。备份一般都很大!你也需要让你的备份文件有过期期限以避免它们填满你的磁盘,就象你让你的日志文件过期那样。用文件系统备份备份你的备份文件。

如果遇上了一个彻底崩溃,不仅清除了你的数据目录,也清除了包含你的数据库备份的磁盘驱动器,你将真正遇上了麻烦。也要备份你的更新日志。将你的备份文件放在不同于用于你的数据库的文件系统上。这将降低由于生成备份而填满包含数据目录的文件系统的可能性。

用于创建备份的技术同样对拷贝数据库到另一台机器有用。最常见地,一个数据库被转移到了运行在另一台主机上的服务器,但是你也可以将数据转移到同一台主机上的另一个服务器。

1.使用mysqldump备份和拷贝数据库

当你使用mysqldumo程序产生数据库备份文件时,缺省地,文件内容包含创建正在倾倒的表的CREATE语句和包含表中行数据的INSERT语句。换句话说,mysqldump产生的输出可在以后用作mysql的输入来重建数据库。你可以将整个数据库倾倒进一个单独的文本文件中,如下:

%mysqldump samp_db >/usr/archives/mysql/samp_db.1999-10-02

输出文件的开头看起来象这样:

# MySQL Dump 6.0#
# Host: localhost Database: samp_db
#---------------------------------------
# Server version 3.23.2-alpha-log
## Table structure for table 'absence'#
CREATE TABLE absence( student_id int(10)
unsigned DEFAULT '0' NOT NULL, date date DEFAULT '0000-00-00' NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (student_id,date));
## Dumping data for table 'absence'#
INSERT INTO absence VALUES (3,'1999-09-03');
INSERT INTO absence VALUES (5,'1999-09-03');
INSERT INTO absence VALUES (10,'1999-09-08');
......

文件剩下的部分有更多的INSERT和CREATE TABLE语句组成。 如果你想压缩备份,使用类似如下的命令:

%mysqldump samp_db │ gzip >/usr/archives/mysql/samp_db.1999-10-02.gz

如果你要一个庞大的数据库,输出文件也将很庞大,可能难于管理。如果你愿意,你可以在mysqldump命令行的数据库名后列出单独的表名来倾到它们的内容,这将倾倒文件分成较小、更易于管理的文件。下例显示如何将samp_db数据库的一些表倾到进分开的文件中:

%mysqldump samp_db student score event absence >grapbook.sql
%mysqldump samp_db member president >hist-league.sql

如果你生成准备用于定期刷新另一个数据库内容的备份文件,你可能想用--add-drop-table选项。这告诉服务器将DROP TABLE IF EXISTS语句写入备份文件,然后,当你取出备份文件并把它装载进第二个数据库时,如果表已经存在,你不会得到一个错误。如果你倒出一个数据库以便能把数据库转移到另一个服务器,你甚至不必创建备份文件。要保证数据库存在于另一台主机,然后用管道倾倒数据库,这样mysql能直接读取mysqldump的输出。例如:你想从主机pit-viper.snake.net拷贝数据库samp_db到boa.snake.net,可以这样很容易做到:

%mysqladmin -h boa.snake.net create samp_db
%mysqldump samp_db │ mysql -h boa.snake.net samp_db

以后,如果你想再次刷新boa.snake.net上的数据库,跳过mysqladmin命令,但要对mysqldump加上--add-drop-table以避免的得到表已存在的错误:

%mysqldump --add-drop-table samp_db │ mysql -h boa.snake.net samp_db

mysqldump其它有用的选项包括:

--flush-logs 和 --lock-tables 组合将对你的数据库检查点有帮助。

bitsCN.com
Statement
The content of this article is voluntarily contributed by netizens, and the copyright belongs to the original author. This site does not assume corresponding legal responsibility. If you find any content suspected of plagiarism or infringement, please contact admin@php.cn
MySQL's Place: Databases and ProgrammingMySQL's Place: Databases and ProgrammingApr 13, 2025 am 12:18 AM

MySQL's position in databases and programming is very important. It is an open source relational database management system that is widely used in various application scenarios. 1) MySQL provides efficient data storage, organization and retrieval functions, supporting Web, mobile and enterprise-level systems. 2) It uses a client-server architecture, supports multiple storage engines and index optimization. 3) Basic usages include creating tables and inserting data, and advanced usages involve multi-table JOINs and complex queries. 4) Frequently asked questions such as SQL syntax errors and performance issues can be debugged through the EXPLAIN command and slow query log. 5) Performance optimization methods include rational use of indexes, optimized query and use of caches. Best practices include using transactions and PreparedStatemen

MySQL: From Small Businesses to Large EnterprisesMySQL: From Small Businesses to Large EnterprisesApr 13, 2025 am 12:17 AM

MySQL is suitable for small and large enterprises. 1) Small businesses can use MySQL for basic data management, such as storing customer information. 2) Large enterprises can use MySQL to process massive data and complex business logic to optimize query performance and transaction processing.

What are phantom reads and how does InnoDB prevent them (Next-Key Locking)?What are phantom reads and how does InnoDB prevent them (Next-Key Locking)?Apr 13, 2025 am 12:16 AM

InnoDB effectively prevents phantom reading through Next-KeyLocking mechanism. 1) Next-KeyLocking combines row lock and gap lock to lock records and their gaps to prevent new records from being inserted. 2) In practical applications, by optimizing query and adjusting isolation levels, lock competition can be reduced and concurrency performance can be improved.

MySQL: Not a Programming Language, But...MySQL: Not a Programming Language, But...Apr 13, 2025 am 12:03 AM

MySQL is not a programming language, but its query language SQL has the characteristics of a programming language: 1. SQL supports conditional judgment, loops and variable operations; 2. Through stored procedures, triggers and functions, users can perform complex logical operations in the database.

MySQL: An Introduction to the World's Most Popular DatabaseMySQL: An Introduction to the World's Most Popular DatabaseApr 12, 2025 am 12:18 AM

MySQL is an open source relational database management system, mainly used to store and retrieve data quickly and reliably. Its working principle includes client requests, query resolution, execution of queries and return results. Examples of usage include creating tables, inserting and querying data, and advanced features such as JOIN operations. Common errors involve SQL syntax, data types, and permissions, and optimization suggestions include the use of indexes, optimized queries, and partitioning of tables.

The Importance of MySQL: Data Storage and ManagementThe Importance of MySQL: Data Storage and ManagementApr 12, 2025 am 12:18 AM

MySQL is an open source relational database management system suitable for data storage, management, query and security. 1. It supports a variety of operating systems and is widely used in Web applications and other fields. 2. Through the client-server architecture and different storage engines, MySQL processes data efficiently. 3. Basic usage includes creating databases and tables, inserting, querying and updating data. 4. Advanced usage involves complex queries and stored procedures. 5. Common errors can be debugged through the EXPLAIN statement. 6. Performance optimization includes the rational use of indexes and optimized query statements.

Why Use MySQL? Benefits and AdvantagesWhy Use MySQL? Benefits and AdvantagesApr 12, 2025 am 12:17 AM

MySQL is chosen for its performance, reliability, ease of use, and community support. 1.MySQL provides efficient data storage and retrieval functions, supporting multiple data types and advanced query operations. 2. Adopt client-server architecture and multiple storage engines to support transaction and query optimization. 3. Easy to use, supports a variety of operating systems and programming languages. 4. Have strong community support and provide rich resources and solutions.

Describe InnoDB locking mechanisms (shared locks, exclusive locks, intention locks, record locks, gap locks, next-key locks).Describe InnoDB locking mechanisms (shared locks, exclusive locks, intention locks, record locks, gap locks, next-key locks).Apr 12, 2025 am 12:16 AM

InnoDB's lock mechanisms include shared locks, exclusive locks, intention locks, record locks, gap locks and next key locks. 1. Shared lock allows transactions to read data without preventing other transactions from reading. 2. Exclusive lock prevents other transactions from reading and modifying data. 3. Intention lock optimizes lock efficiency. 4. Record lock lock index record. 5. Gap lock locks index recording gap. 6. The next key lock is a combination of record lock and gap lock to ensure data consistency.

See all articles

Hot AI Tools

Undresser.AI Undress

Undresser.AI Undress

AI-powered app for creating realistic nude photos

AI Clothes Remover

AI Clothes Remover

Online AI tool for removing clothes from photos.

Undress AI Tool

Undress AI Tool

Undress images for free

Clothoff.io

Clothoff.io

AI clothes remover

AI Hentai Generator

AI Hentai Generator

Generate AI Hentai for free.

Hot Article

R.E.P.O. Energy Crystals Explained and What They Do (Yellow Crystal)
3 weeks agoBy尊渡假赌尊渡假赌尊渡假赌
R.E.P.O. Best Graphic Settings
3 weeks agoBy尊渡假赌尊渡假赌尊渡假赌
R.E.P.O. How to Fix Audio if You Can't Hear Anyone
3 weeks agoBy尊渡假赌尊渡假赌尊渡假赌
WWE 2K25: How To Unlock Everything In MyRise
4 weeks agoBy尊渡假赌尊渡假赌尊渡假赌

Hot Tools

DVWA

DVWA

Damn Vulnerable Web App (DVWA) is a PHP/MySQL web application that is very vulnerable. Its main goals are to be an aid for security professionals to test their skills and tools in a legal environment, to help web developers better understand the process of securing web applications, and to help teachers/students teach/learn in a classroom environment Web application security. The goal of DVWA is to practice some of the most common web vulnerabilities through a simple and straightforward interface, with varying degrees of difficulty. Please note that this software

VSCode Windows 64-bit Download

VSCode Windows 64-bit Download

A free and powerful IDE editor launched by Microsoft

MinGW - Minimalist GNU for Windows

MinGW - Minimalist GNU for Windows

This project is in the process of being migrated to osdn.net/projects/mingw, you can continue to follow us there. MinGW: A native Windows port of the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC), freely distributable import libraries and header files for building native Windows applications; includes extensions to the MSVC runtime to support C99 functionality. All MinGW software can run on 64-bit Windows platforms.

ZendStudio 13.5.1 Mac

ZendStudio 13.5.1 Mac

Powerful PHP integrated development environment

WebStorm Mac version

WebStorm Mac version

Useful JavaScript development tools