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MySQL数据库HA方案_MySQL

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Jun 01, 2016 pm 01:45 PM

database

bitsCN.com

之前研究数据库的高可用性，需要用到数据库的同步和备份，下面是我对MySQL的HA的一些研究。

根据《MySQL 5.0 Reference Manual》中提供的HA方案，主要由以下几种：

Requirements

MySQL Replication

MySQL Replication + Heartbeat

MySQL Heartbeat + DRBD

MySQL Cluster

MySQL + memcached

Availability

Automated IP failover

Yes

Automated database failover

Yes

Typical failover time

User/script-dependent

Varies

App dependent

Automatic resynchronization of data

Yes

Geographic redundancy support

Yes

Yes, when combined with MySQL Replication

Scalability

Built-in load balancing

Yes

Supports Read-intensive applications

Yes

Yes, when combined with MySQL Replication

Yes

Supports Write-intensive applications

Yes

Maximum number of nodes per group

One master, multiple slaves

One active (primary), one passive (secondary) node

255

Unlimited

Maximum number of slaves

Unlimited (reads only)

One (failover only)

Unlimited (reads only)

Unlimited

对于方案的研究如下，文字性的比较多。

一、 MySQL Replication

对于单一的MySQL同步功能，因无法实现IP地址的自动切换，而该表中所列的功能是MySQL Replication的单向同步工作方式，需要改进为双向同步，就可以实现数据的双向同步、重同步、数据库切换的功能。

二、 MySQL Replication+Heartbeat

对于第二种方案，引入了heartbeat，所以可以实现IP地址切换，heartbeat只针对主机和网络故障的切换，无法监控数据库故障，所以需要额外的工具和配置，而且MySQL Replication的工作机制为异步通讯方式，对同步的数据的一致性可能产生影响。

三、 MySQL+Heartbeat+DRBD

对于第三种采用了DRBD，DRBD是Distributed Replicated Block Device，是基于内核开发的一个虚拟块设备的工具，该软件可以在一个实际块设备或分区上虚拟一个块设备，并挂载到系统之上，两台主机通过配置，来同步块设备上的数据，能够实现双向实时同步的功能，但同时只能有一台主机处于活动状态，从服务器上的虚拟块设备无法挂载，从而不能启动从服务器的MySQL服务，在切换时需要从服务器控制启动顺序，按顺序切换DRBD，挂载虚拟块设备，启动MySQL，调试中该时延较长。而且DRBD基于内核，在应用调试中，多次导致服务器内核出问题而导致主机死机，所以对于服务器的高稳定需求不满足。

四、 MySQL Cluster

集群方式一般应用在负载均衡，采用单向同步的方式，对数据的修改只在一台数据库服务器上进行，对于查询则交给其他的数据库服务器，同时无法完成IP地址的自动切换，所以没有调试

五、 MySQL+memcached

这种方案采用共享内存的方式，使多个MySQL共享同一内存缓冲区，故不适用备份的目的。

六、 其他方案

1. MySQL Proxy：

对于IP地址切换的功能，也可以采用MySQL Proxy来实现，其工作原理是在MySQL Server和Client之间添加一个代理设备，通过lua脚本来处理数据请求，可以根据业务需求用lua脚本实现不同的功能，但这种方式将多添加一台MySQL Proxy服务器，所以不考虑。

2. MyBalance和MyReplication

对于同步功能，除了MySQL本身的同步和DRBD外，还有MyBalance和MyReplication两个工具可以实现，但这两个工具只能进行单向同步，不适合双向备份的目的，所以无法满足需求。

本文出自“技术成就梦想”

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