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Mysql外键

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在MySQL 3.23.44版本后,InnoDB引擎类型的表支持了外键约束。
 外键的使用条件:
 1.两个表必须是InnoDB表,MyISAM表暂时不支持外键(据说以后的版本有可能支持,但至少目前不支持);2.外键列必须建立了索引,MySQL 4.1.2以后的版本在建立外键时会自动创建索引,但如果在较早的版本则需要显示建立; 3.外键关系的两个表的列必须是数据类型相似,也就是可以相互转换类型的列,比如int和tinyint可以,而int和char则不可以;   外键的好处:可以使得两张表关联,保证数据的一致性和实现一些级联操作; 外键的定义语法:[CONSTRAINT symbol] FOREIGN KEY [id] (index_col_name, ...)    REFERENCES tbl_name (index_col_name, ...)    [ON DELETE {RESTRICT | CASCADE | SET NULL | NO ACTION | SET DEFAULT}]    [ON UPDATE {RESTRICT | CASCADE | SET NULL | NO ACTION | SET DEFAULT}]该语法可以在 CREATE TABLE 和 ALTER TABLE 时使用,如果不指定CONSTRAINT symbol,MYSQL会自动生成一个名字。ON DELETE、ON UPDATE表示事件触发限制,可设参数:RESTRICT(限制外表中的外键改动)CASCADE(跟随外键改动)SET NULL(设空值)SET DEFAULT(设默认值)NO ACTION(无动作,默认的)   搞个例子,简单演示一下使用,做dage和xiaodi两个表,大哥表是主键,小弟表是外键:建表:  1CREATE TABLE `dage` ( 2  `id` int(11) NOT NULL auto_increment, 3  `name` varchar(32) default '', 4  PRIMARY KEY  (`id`) 5) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1; 6 7CREATE TABLE `xiaodi` ( 8  `id` int(11) NOT NULL auto_increment, 9  `dage_id` int(11) default NULL,10  `name` varchar(32) default '',11  PRIMARY KEY  (`id`),12  KEY `dage_id` (`dage_id`),13  CONSTRAINT `xiaodi_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`dage_id`) REFERENCES `dage` (`id`)14) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1; 插入个大哥:1mysql> insert into dage(name) values('铜锣湾');2Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)3mysql> select * from dage;4+----+--------+5| id | name   |6+----+--------+7|  1 | 铜锣湾 |8+----+--------+91 row in set (0.00 sec)   插入个小弟:1mysql> insert into xiaodi(dage_id,name) values(1,'铜锣湾_小弟A');2Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)34mysql> select * from xiaodi;5+----+---------+--------------+6| id | dage_id | name         |7+----+---------+--------------+8|  1 |       1 | 铜锣湾_小弟A |9+----+---------+--------------+ 把大哥删除:1mysql> delete from dage where id=1;2ERROR 1451 (23000): Cannot delete or update a parent row: a foreign key constraint fails (`bstar/xiaodi`, CONSTRAINT `xiaodi_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`dage_id`) REFERENCES `dage` (`id`))    提示:不行呀,有约束的,大哥下面还有小弟,可不能扔下我们不管呀! 插入一个新的小弟: 1mysql> insert into xiaodi(dage_id,name) values(2,'旺角_小弟A');              2ERROR 1452 (23000): Cannot add or update a child row: a foreign key constraint fails (`bstar/xiaodi`, CONSTRAINT `xiaodi_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`dage_id`) REFERENCES `dage` (`id`))3 提示:小子,想造反呀!你还没大哥呢! 把外键约束增加事件触发限制:  1mysql> show create table xiaodi; 2... 3  CONSTRAINT `xiaodi_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`dage_id`) REFERENCES `dage` (`id`) 4... 5mysql> alter table xiaodi drop foreign key xiaodi_ibfk_1;  6Query OK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec) 7Records: 1  Duplicates: 0  Warnings:  8mysql> alter table xiaodi add foreign key(dage_id) references dage(id) on delete cascade on update cascade; 9Query OK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec)10Records: 1  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0 再次试着把大哥删了:1mysql> delete from dage where id=1;2Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)3    4mysql> select * from dage;5Empty set (0.01 sec)67mysql> select * from xiaodi;8Empty set (0.00 sec) 得,这回对应的小弟也没了,没办法,谁让你跟我on delete cascade了呢! 例子说明的应该蛮清楚了吧,其他功能对应手册自己实践吧!:-)   作者 老狼 bitsCN.com
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