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mysql分库分表

 

分表是分散数据库压力的好方法。

分表,最直白的意思,就是将一个表结构分为多个表,然后,可以再同一个库里,也可以放到不同的库。

当然,首先要知道什么情况下,才需要分表。个人觉得单表记录条数达到百万到千万级别时就要使用分表了。

1,分表的分类

1>纵向分表

将本来可以在同一个表的内容,人为划分为多个表。(所谓的本来,是指按照关系型数据库的第三范式要求,是应该在同一个表的。)

分表理由:根据数据的活跃度进行分离,(因为不同活跃的数据,处理方式是不同的)

案例:

对于一个博客系统,文章标题,作者,分类,创建时间等,是变化频率慢,查询次数多,而且最好有很好的实时性的数据,我们把它叫做冷数据。而博客的浏览量,回复数等,类似的统计信息,或者别的变化频率比较高的数据,我们把它叫做活跃数据。所以,在进行数据库结构设计的时候,就应该考虑分表,首先是纵向分表的处理。

这样纵向分表后:

首先存储引擎的使用不同,冷数据使用MyIsam 可以有更好的查询数据。活跃数据,可以使用Innodb ,可以有更好的更新速度。

其次,对冷数据进行更多的从库配置,因为更多的操作时查询,这样来加快查询速度。对热数据,可以相对有更多的主库的横向分表处理。

其实,对于一些特殊的活跃数据,也可以考虑使用memcache ,redis

之类的缓存,等累计到一定量再去更新数据库。或者mongodb 一类的nosql 数据库,这里只是举例,就先不说这个。

2>横向分表

字面意思,就可以看出来,是把大的表结构,横向切割为同样结构的不同表,如,用户信息表,user_1,user_2 等。表结构是完全一样,但是,根据某些特定的规则来划分的表,如根据用户ID来取模划分。

分表理由:根据数据量的规模来划分,保证单表的容量不会太大,从而来保证单表的查询等处理能力。

案例:同上面的例子,博客系统。当博客的量达到很大时候,就应该采取横向分割来降低每个单表的压力,来提升性能。例如博客的冷数据表,假如分为100个表,当同时有100万个用户在浏览时,如果是单表的话,会进行100万次请求,而现在分表后,就可能是每个表进行1万个数据的请求(因为,不可能绝对的平均,只是假设),这样压力就降低了很多很多。

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