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Linux common commands

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Linux common commands

Command 1: pwd

pwd displays the current working path and checks the location.

[root@bunian ~]# pwd
/root

Command 2: ls

The ls command is very commonly used. ls refers to list, a command to view files or directories. Commonly used after adding parameters:

  • ls: View all files in the directory
  • ls -l: Display all information in files and directories
  • ls -a: List all files, including hidden files, where a means all
  • ls -R: List all files in the subdirectory, which is equivalent to recursively listing all the contents, which means that all files in the directory will be displayed
  • ls [0-9]: Display file names and directory names containing numbers

Command 3: cp

cp means copy and is used to copy files. This command can also copy multiple files to the same directory at one time

  • cp -a: Copy the characteristics of the file together
  • cp -p: Copy together with the attributes of the file, similar to the -a parameter above, often used for backup
  • cp -i: If the target file exists, ask before overwriting
  • cp -r: Recursive continuous copy
  • cp -u: Copying will only occur when there are differences between the target file and the source file

Command 4: mv

mv means move, which is used to move files, directories or change file names

  • mv -f: f refers to force, no inquiry will be made before overwriting
  • mv -i: Ask before overwriting
  • mv -u: The target file will be updated only when it is newer than the source file
mv 旧文件名 新文件名-- 重命名
mv hello.txt /home/peter-- 移动位置
mv /dir1 /dir2-- 将目录dir1移动到目录dir2中,前提是dir2已经存在,若不存在则改名
mv /dir1/* . -- 将dir1下面的全部文件(*代表全部)移动到当前目录下

Command 5: rm

rm means remove, which is used to delete files or directories

  • rm -f: Forced deletion of content without any warning content
  • rm -i: Interactive mode, ask whether to delete before deleting
  • rm -r: Recursive deletion, most commonly used to delete all contents in a directory

PS: Use this command with caution! ! !

Command 6: cd

The cd command represents switching directories and can use relative or absolute paths as parameters.

Several commonly used commands for switching paths:

  • cd /home/user: Switch to the "/home/user" directory
  • cd: Switch to personal home directory
  • cd ..: Return to the previous directory
  • cd ../..: Return to the directory two levels above
  • cd -: Return to the last directory
  • cd ~: Return to the user’s home directory

It should be noted that the parent directory of the root directory is itself

Special symbols Function
~ Represents the home directory of the currently logged in user
~Username Indicates switching to the home directory of the specified user
represents the directory where you were last located
. represents the current directory
.. Represents the superior directory

Command 7: mkdir

mkdir refers to make directory, which means creating a directory. If the directory exists, an error will be reported.

mkdir test# 创建空白的test目录
mkdir -p test/a/b/c/d# 使用-p参数来递归地创建多个层级目录

Command 8: touch

The touch command is used to create a blank file or set the time of the file.

Creating a file is simple:

touch bunian.txt  # 创建bunian.txt文件

The time to set the file is mainly reflected in:

  • Set the modification time of file content: mtime
  • File permission or attribute change time: ctime
  • File reading time: atime

The corresponding parameters are:

parameter effect
-a Only modify the "read time" atime
-m Only modify the "modification time" mtime
-d Modify both simultaneously

命令9:cat

cat命令主要是用来查看文件的内容,后面跟上我们的文件名即可。通常可以用管道符和命令more或者less进行连用。常用的参数选项:

  • cat filename:查看文件的全部内容
  • cat -n  filename :将文件的行数全部显示出来,包含空行
  • cat -b filename:和-n类似,只是不显示空行
  • cat -s filename:当遇到有连续两行以上的空白行,就代换为一行的空白行
  • cat -E:在每行的结尾显示$

命令10:more

more命令的功能和cat命令是类似的,只不过是常用来显示一个长文件,它是以全屏的方式按照分页的方式显示内容。cat命令是整个文件的内容显示在屏幕上,more命令是以分页的方式来显示的。

常用的操作:空白键space跳到下一页,b键则返回上一页。

常用的参数为:

  • +n :从第n开始显示文件内容
  • -n :屏幕只显示n行数
  • -s:将连续的空行显示为一行
  • -u:将文件内容中的下划线去掉
  • -c:不进行滚屏操作。每次刷新这个屏幕
  • -l:忽略Ctrl+l换页字符
  • +/pattern:在每个文档显示前搜寻该字串(pattern),然后从该字串之后开始显示

配合该命令的常用操作:

  • Enter n:向下翻动n行,默认是1行,可自定义
  • Ctrl+F:向下滚动一屏
  • 空格键:向下滚动一屏
  • Ctrl+B:返回上一屏
  • V:调用vim编辑器
  • q:推出more命令
  • more +3 bunian.txt# 从第3行开始显示
    more -20 bunian.txt # 屏幕只显示20行
    more +/hello bunian.txt # 查询文件中第1次出现hello的位置
    more -c -5 file# 每5行显示一次,而且在显示之前先清屏

    如果某个目录下文件过多,我们可以使用more命令来进行分页显示:

    ls -l | more -5   # 输出当前目录下的全部文件,并且每页显示5个文件信息

    还有其他的显示文件行数的命令:less、head、tail、tac

    tac file# 从最后一行开始显示行号
    head -n 4 file# 查看文件的前4行
    tail -n 8 file# 查看文件的最后8行
    tail -n +500 file# 从第500行开始显示,即只显示500行以后的
    cat file | head -n 200 | tail -n +100# 显示100-300行的
    cat file | tail -n +200 | head -n 100# 从第200行开始,显示100行(即200-299行)

    命令11:ps

    ps命令是用来查看系统中的进程所在的状态

    ps -a:查看所有的进程(包含其他用户的进程)

    [root@bunian ~]# ps -a
    PID TTYTIME CMD
    579 pts/000:00:00 ps

    ps -u:查看用户及其他信息

    [root@bunian ~]# ps -u
    USER PID %CPU %MEMVSZ RSS TTYSTAT START TIME COMMAND
    root 6250.00.0 1554481832 pts/0R+ 01:25 0:00 ps -u
    root13990.00.0 110208 664 tty1 Ss+Dec01 0:00 /sbin/agetty --noclear tty1 linux
    root14040.00.0 110208 640 ttyS0Ss+Dec01 0:00 /sbin/agetty --keep-baud 115200,38400,96
    root 188280.00.0 1167283268 pts/0Ss Dec19 0:00 -bash

    ps -x:显示没有控制终端的进程

    [root@bunian ~]# ps -x
    PID TTYSTAT TIME COMMAND
    1 ?Ss 1:36 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd --switched-root --system --deserialize 22
    2 ?S0:00 [kthreadd]
    4 ?S< 0:00 [kworker/0:0H]
    6 ?S0:27 [ksoftirqd/0]
    7 ?S0:08 [migration/0]
    8 ?S0:00 [rcu_bh]
    9 ?S 17:06 [rcu_sched]
     10 ?S< 0:00 [lru-add-drain]
     ......此处省略
    

    Linux系统中进程的5种常见状态

  • R:运行,进程正在运行或者在队列中等待
  • S:中断,进程处于休眠状态中。当接受到某个条件后,即可脱离该状态
  • D:不可中断,在这种状态下即使kill命令也无法将其中断
  • Z:僵死,进程已经终止,但是进程描述符依然存在。若父进程调用wait()系统函数后将进程释放
  • T:停止,进行收到停止信号后停止运行
  • 命令12:top

    top命令是用来动态地监控进程活动或者系统负载等信息的,它的功能可以看做是Windows系统中的“Windows任务管理器”。

    查询进程的端口号:

    netstat -tunlp | grep 端口号   

    命令13:pidof

    该命令是用来查询某个指定的服务进程的pid值

    pidof sshd  # 查看sshd服务的进程pid值

    命令14:kill、killall

    kill用于终止某个指定pid号的服务进程

    kill 18828  # 杀死pid为18828的服务

    killall用来终止某个指定名称的服务所对应的全部进程,参数为进程名称

    pidof httpd#查询httpd服务的全部进程
    killall httpd # 终止http服务的全部进程

    命令15:ifconfig

    ifconfig命令主要是用来获取网卡配置和系统的网络状态等信息,主要信息为:

    • 网卡名称
    • inet参数后面的IP地址
    • MAC地址
    • RX、TX的接收和发送数据等信息
    eth0: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>mtu 1500
    inet 10.0.8.2netmask 255.255.252.0broadcast 10.0.11.255
    inet6 fe80::5054:ff:fe95:2cdfprefixlen 64scopeid 0x20<link>
    ether 52:54:00:95:2c:dftxqueuelen 1000(Ethernet)
    RX packets 48350308bytes 13922587280 (12.9 GiB)
    RX errors 0dropped 0overruns 0frame 0
    TX packets 50364002bytes 30975667765 (28.8 GiB)
    TX errors 0dropped 0 overruns 0carrier 0collisions 0
    

    命令16:history

    history命令主要是用来查看我们敲过的历史命令。

    history# 查看全部历史命令
    history 10# 查看最近的10条命令

    history可以与grep、tail配合使用进行条件过滤来查找我们需要的命令:

    history | grep dnf# 和dnf相关的命令
    history | tail -n 3 # 末尾3条命令

    清除历史命令:

    history-d 50# 清除第100条
    history -c# 全部清除掉

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