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[MySQL]管理表和索引的相关语句

 

1. 创建表

MySQL中创建表是通过create table语句实现的,语法这里就不介绍了,非常复杂,可以去官网上查询,所幸的是,我们并不需要记住所有的选项,因为大部分都采用默认即可,下面介绍几个比较常用的选项。

1)指定存储引擎

默认的存储引擎由default-storage-engine指定,如果没有指定,则为MyISAM,如果建表时,你不想使用默认的存储引擎,可以通过如下语句实现:

[sql] 

create table table_name ( ... ) engine=engine_name;  

2)只有当表不存在时才创建

[sql] 

create table if not exist table_name ... ;  

上述语句表示:如果表已存在,则跳过;否则创建新表。

3)创建临时表

MySQL的临时表有如下特性:

  - 临时表只在创建该表的会话里是可见的,对其它会话是隐藏的,会话断开后,临时表自动被删除。

  - 当临时表的表名和普通表一样时,当前会话将会优先访问临时表。

临时表的语法如下:

[sql] 

create temporary table temp_table_name ... ;  

4)从其它表中创建新表

MySQL提供两种方式从其它表中创建新表:

  - create table ... like:创建一个新表为原表的空白副本,也就是说,新表是一个空表,但它拥有原表所有的属性、索引、约束等(这个语法很有用,Oracle就没有类似的功能),其用法如下:

[sql] 

create table new_table_name like old_table_name;  

insert into new_table_name select * from old_table_name;  

  - create table ... select:  不会复制所有的数据列属性(保留下来的属性有:字符集、NOLL or NOT NULL,默认值,注释),不带索引,不包含约束。

 

2. 删除表

相比于创建表,删除表就简单多了。

1)删除普通表

[sql] 

drop table table_name;  

2)删除临时表

[sql] 

drop temporary table table_name;  

3)表存在才删除

[sql] 

drop table if exists table_name;  

 

3. 创建索引

你可以使用和Oracle类似的create index语句重建索引,也可以使用MySQL独有的alter table语句添加索引,在MySQL里,建议用alter table语句,因为它更灵活多能,如:

[sql] 

alter table tbl_name add index index_name (index_cols);  

alter table tbl_name add unique index_name(index_cols);  

alter table tbl_name add primary key(index_cols);  

alter table tbl_name add full text index_name(index_cols);  

alter table tbl_name add spatial index_name(index_cols);  

其中,primary key和spatial索引要求索引列必须为NOT NULL,index_name可省略,一般不建议省略,如果省略,系统会自动取个名字。

该语句支持在一个alter table语句添加多个索引,这样更灵活。

在创建表时,也可以同时创建索引,如:

[sql] 

create table tbl_name  

(  

  ...  

  index index_name (index_cols),  

  primary key (index_cols),  

  unique (index_cols),  

  ...  

);  

 

4. 删除索引

和创建索引类似,删除索引可以用drop index或alter table语句完成,如:

[sql] 

drop index index_name on tbl_name;  

drop index `primary` on tbl_name;  

  

alter table tbl_name drop index index_name;  

alter table tbl_name drop primary index;  

 

 

5. 改变表结构

1)改变列的数据类型

如果你想改变列的数据类型,可以使用change或modify字句,如下所示:

[sql] 

alter table tbl_name modify col_name mediumint unsigned;  

alter table tbl_name change old_col_name new_col_name mediumint unsigned;  

从上面可以知道,change功能更强大,它不但能够改变列的数据类型,还可以重命名列,但是它比较麻烦的一点是即时不想重命名,也要把列名写两遍。

 

2)改变表的存储引擎

[sql] 

alter table tbl_name engine=engine_name;  

 

3)重命名表

重命名表可以使用alter table ... rename to 或rename table,如:

[sql] 

alter table tbl_name rename to new_tbl_name;  

rename table tbl_name to new_tbl_name;  

alter table ... rename每次只能重命名一张表,而rename table可以重命名多张表,如:

[sql] 

rename table t1 to new_t1, t2 to t1;  

如果在表名前加上前缀,可以把一个表从一个数据库迁移到另一个数据库。

 

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