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1 介绍
1.1 处理流程
当MYSQL 收到一条查询请求时，会首先通过关键字对SQL语句进行解析，生成一颗“解析树”，然后预处理器会校验“解析树”是否合法(主要校验数据列和表明是否存在，别名是否有歧义等)，当“解析树”被认为合法后，查询优化器会对这颗“解析树”进行优化，并确定它认为最完美的执行计划。
1.2 衡量标准
MYSQL查询优化器衡量某个执行计划是否完美的标准是“使用该执行计划时的成本”，该成本的最小单位是读取一个4K数据页的成本。
下面图中的数据说明，当使用id为条件查询时，查询的成本只有一个数据页，而使用mean(非索引)查询时，成本将近是22334个数据页
1.3 优化手段
下面列出了一些优化器常用的优化手段，但实际上远远不止这些
1. 重新定义关联表的顺序
How do you create and manage user accounts in MySQL?Apr 22, 2025 pm 06:05 PMThe steps to create and manage user accounts in MySQL are as follows: 1. Create a user: Use CREATEUSER'newuser'@'localhost'IDENTIFIEDBY'password'; 2. Assign permissions: Use GRANTSELECT, INSERT, UPDATEONmydatabase.TO'newuser'@'localhost'; 3. Fix permission error: Use REVOKEALLPRIVILEGESONmydatabase.FROM'newuser'@'localhost'; then reassign permissions; 4. Optimization permissions: Use SHOWGRA
How does MySQL differ from Oracle?Apr 22, 2025 pm 05:57 PMMySQL is suitable for rapid development and small and medium-sized applications, while Oracle is suitable for large enterprises and high availability needs. 1) MySQL is open source and easy to use, suitable for web applications and small and medium-sized enterprises. 2) Oracle is powerful and suitable for large enterprises and government agencies. 3) MySQL supports a variety of storage engines, and Oracle provides rich enterprise-level functions.
What are the disadvantages of using MySQL compared to other relational databases?Apr 22, 2025 pm 05:49 PMThe disadvantages of MySQL compared to other relational databases include: 1. Performance issues: You may encounter bottlenecks when processing large-scale data, and PostgreSQL performs better in complex queries and big data processing. 2. Scalability: The horizontal scaling ability is not as good as Google Spanner and Amazon Aurora. 3. Functional limitations: Not as good as PostgreSQL and Oracle in advanced functions, some functions require more custom code and maintenance.
How do you perform a JOIN operation in MySQL?Apr 22, 2025 pm 05:41 PMMySQL supports four JOIN types: INNERJOIN, LEFTJOIN, RIGHTJOIN and FULLOUTERJOIN. 1.INNERJOIN is used to match rows in two tables and return results that meet the criteria. 2.LEFTJOIN returns all rows in the left table, even if the right table does not match. 3. RIGHTJOIN is opposite to LEFTJOIN and returns all rows in the right table. 4.FULLOUTERJOIN returns all rows in the two tables that meet or do not meet the conditions.
How does MySQL's performance compare to other RDBMS under high load?Apr 22, 2025 pm 05:37 PMMySQL's performance under high load has its advantages and disadvantages compared with other RDBMSs. 1) MySQL performs well under high loads through the InnoDB engine and optimization strategies such as indexing, query cache and partition tables. 2) PostgreSQL provides efficient concurrent read and write through the MVCC mechanism, while Oracle and Microsoft SQLServer improve performance through their respective optimization strategies. With reasonable configuration and optimization, MySQL can perform well in high load environments.
Explain the InnoDB Buffer Pool and its importance for performance.Apr 19, 2025 am 12:24 AMInnoDBBufferPool reduces disk I/O by caching data and indexing pages, improving database performance. Its working principle includes: 1. Data reading: Read data from BufferPool; 2. Data writing: After modifying the data, write to BufferPool and refresh it to disk regularly; 3. Cache management: Use the LRU algorithm to manage cache pages; 4. Reading mechanism: Load adjacent data pages in advance. By sizing the BufferPool and using multiple instances, database performance can be optimized.
MySQL vs. Other Programming Languages: A ComparisonApr 19, 2025 am 12:22 AMCompared with other programming languages, MySQL is mainly used to store and manage data, while other languages such as Python, Java, and C are used for logical processing and application development. MySQL is known for its high performance, scalability and cross-platform support, suitable for data management needs, while other languages have advantages in their respective fields such as data analytics, enterprise applications, and system programming.
Learning MySQL: A Step-by-Step Guide for New UsersApr 19, 2025 am 12:19 AMMySQL is worth learning because it is a powerful open source database management system suitable for data storage, management and analysis. 1) MySQL is a relational database that uses SQL to operate data and is suitable for structured data management. 2) The SQL language is the key to interacting with MySQL and supports CRUD operations. 3) The working principle of MySQL includes client/server architecture, storage engine and query optimizer. 4) Basic usage includes creating databases and tables, and advanced usage involves joining tables using JOIN. 5) Common errors include syntax errors and permission issues, and debugging skills include checking syntax and using EXPLAIN commands. 6) Performance optimization involves the use of indexes, optimization of SQL statements and regular maintenance of databases.
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