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HomeDatabaseMysql Tutorial浅析mysql 共享表空间与独享表空间以及他们之间的转化_MySQL

bitsCN.com innodb这种引擎,与MYISAM引擎的区别很大。特别是它的数据存储格式等.
对于innodb的数据结构,首先要解决两个概念性的问题: 共享表空间以及独占表空间。
什么是共享表空间和独占表空间
共享表空间以及独占表空间都是针对数据的存储方式而言的。
共享表空间:  某一个数据库的所有的表数据,索引文件全部放在一个文件中,默认这个共享表空间的文件路径在data目录下。 默认的文件名为:ibdata1  初始化为10M。
独占表空间:  每一个表都将会生成以独立的文件方式来进行存储,每一个表都有一个.frm表描述文件,还有一个.ibd文件。 其中这个文件包括了单独一个表的数据内容以及索引内容,默认情况下它的存储位置也是在表的位置之中。
两者之间的优缺点
共享表空间:
优点:
可以放表空间分成多个文件存放到各个磁盘上(表空间文件大小不受表大小的限制,如一个表可以分布在不同步的文件上)。数据和文件放在一起方便管理。
缺点:
所有的数据和索引存放到一个文件中以为着将有一个很常大的文件,虽然可以把一个大文件分成多个小文件,但是多个表及索引在表空间中混合存储,这样对于一个表做了大量删除操作后表空间中将会有大量的空隙,特别是对于统计分析,日值系统这类应用最不适合用共享表空间。
独立表空间:在配置文件(my.cnf)中设置: innodb_file_per_table
优点:
1.  每个表都有自已独立的表空间。
2.  每个表的数据和索引都会存在自已的表空间中。
3.  可以实现单表在不同的数据库中移动。
4.  空间可以回收(除drop table操作处,表空不能自已回收)
a)   Drop table操作自动回收表空间,如果对于统计分析或是日值表,删除大量数据后可以通过:alter table TableName engine=innodb;回缩不用的空间。
b)   对于使innodb-plugin的Innodb使用turncate table也会使空间收缩。
c)   对于使用独立表空间的表,不管怎么删除,表空间的碎片不会太严重的影响性能,而且还有机会处理。
缺点:
单表增加过大,如超过100个G。

相比较之下,使用独占表空间的效率以及性能会更高一点。
共享表空间以及独占表空间之间的转化
innodb_file_per_table 通过这个参数来实现的转化,如果为OFF说明所使用的是独占表空间【默认情况下,所使用的表空间为共享表空间】

image

innodb_file_per_table值来进行修改即可,但是对于之前使用过的共享表空间则不会影响,除非手动的去进行修改或者是
innodb_file_per_table=1 为使用独占表空间
innodb_file_per_table=0 为使用共享表空间
修改独占空表空间的数据存储位置
innodb_data_home_dir = "C:/mysql/data/"
innodb_log_group_home_dir = "C:/mysql/data/"
innodb_data_file_path=ibdata1:10M:autoextend
innodb_file_per_table=1
参数说明:
这个设置配置一个可扩展大小的尺寸为10MB的单独文件,名为ibdata1。没有给出文件的位置,所以默认的是在MySQL的数据目录内。【对数据来进行初始化的设置】
innodb_data_home_dir              代表为数据库文件所存放的目录
innodb_log_group_home_dir       为日志存放目录
innodb_file_per_table               是否使用共享以及独占表空间来

以上的几个参数必须在一起加入。
对于参数一些注意的地方
InnoDB不创建目录,所以在启动服务器之前请确认”所配置的路径目录”的确存在。这对你配置的任何日志文件目录来说也是真实的。使用Unix或DOS的mkdir命令来创建任何必需的目录。

通过把innodb_data_home_dir的值原原本本地部署到数据文件名,并在需要的地方添加斜杠或反斜杠,InnoDB为每个数据文件形成目录路径。
如果innodb_data_home_dir选项根本没有在my.cnf中提到,默认值是“dot”目录 ./,这意思是MySQL数据目录。
 
所以在做数据的移植以及备份时,一定要注意数据文件的完整性.

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