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MySQL不允许SELECT FROM后面指向用作UPDATE的表,有时候让人纠结。当然,有比创建无休止的临时表更好的办法。本文解释如何UPDATE一张表,同时在查询子句中使用SELECT.
问题描述
假设我要UPDATE的表跟查询子句是同一张表,这样做有许多种原因,例如用统计数据更新表的字段(此时需要用group子句返回统计值),从某一条记录的字段update另一条记录,而不必使用非标准的语句,等等。举个例子:
create table apples(variety char(10) primary key, price int);
insert into apples values('fuji', 5), ('gala', 6);
update apples
set price = (select price from apples where variety = 'gala')
where variety = 'fuji';
错误提示是:ERROR 1093 (HY000): You can't specify target table 'apples' for update in FROM clause. MySQL手册UPDATE documentation这下面有说明 : “Currently, you cannot update a table and select from the same table in a subquery.”
在这个例子中,要解决问题也十分简单,但有时候不得不通过查询子句来update目标。好在我们有办法。
解决办法
既然MySQL是通过临时表来实现FROM子句里面的嵌套查询,那么把嵌套查询装进另外一个嵌套查询里,可使FROM子句查询和保存都是在临时表里进行,然后间接地在外围查询被引用。下面的语句是正确的:
update apples
set price = (
select price from (
select * from apples
) as x
where variety = 'gala')
where variety = 'fuji';
如果你想了解更多其中的机制,请阅读MySQL Internals Manual相关章节。
没有解决的问题
一个常见的问题是,IN()子句优化废品,被重写成相关的嵌套查询,有时(往往?)造成性能低下。把嵌套查询装进另外一个嵌套查询里并不能阻止它重写成相关嵌套,除非我下狠招。这种情况下,最好用JOIN重构查询(rewrite such a query as a join)。
另一个没解决的问题是临时表被引用多次。“装进嵌套查询”的技巧无法解决这些问题,因为它们在编译时被创建,而上面讨论的update问题是在运行时。bitsCN.com

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