A complete guide to configuring Linux environment variables, beginners must know...

When customizing software installation, it is often necessary to configure environment variables. Below are various ways to configure environment variables.

In the following example, the environment we use is as follows:

• Operating system: Ubuntu 14.0
• Username: uusama
• The path to which MySQL environment variables need to be configured: /home/uusama/mysql/bin

View environment variables in Linux

The following is how to view environment variables:

• Use the export command to display all environment variables defined by the current system.
• Use the echo $PATH command to output the current value of the PATH environment variable.

The effect of executing these two commands is as follows:

uusama@ubuntu:~$ export
declare -x HOME="/home/uusama"
declare -x LANG="en_US.UTF-8"
declare -x LANGUAGE="en_US:"
declare -x LESSCLOSE="/usr/bin/lesspipe %s %s"
declare -x LESSOPEN="| /usr/bin/lesspipe %s"
declare -x LOGNAME="uusama"
declare -x MAIL="/var/mail/uusama"
declare -x PATH="/home/uusama/bin:/home/uusama/.local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin"
declare -x SSH_TTY="/dev/pts/0"
declare -x TERM="xterm"
declare -x USER="uusama"

uusama@ubuntu:~$ echo $PATH
/home/uusama/bin:/home/uusama/.local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin

The PATH variable defines the search path for running the command. Use colons : to separate different paths. You can add double quotes when defining using export Don’t add it.

Linux环境变量配置方法一： export PATH

使用export命令直接修改PATH的值，配置MySQL进入环境变量的方法:

export PATH=/home/uusama/mysql/bin:$PATH

# 或者把PATH放在前面
export PATH=$PATH:/home/uusama/mysql/bin

注意事项：

• 生效时间：立即生效
• 生效期限：当前终端有效，窗口关闭后无效
• 生效范围：仅对当前用户有效
• 配置的环境变量中不要忘了加上原来的配置，即$PATH部分，避免覆盖原来配置

Linux环境变量配置方法二： vim ~/.bashrc

通过修改用户目录下的~/.bashrc文件进行配置：

vim ~/.bashrc

# 在最后一行加上
export PATH=$PATH:/home/uusama/mysql/bin

注意事项：

• 生效时间：使用相同的用户打开新的终端时生效，或者手动source ~/.bashrc生效
• 生效期限：永久有效
• 生效范围：仅对当前用户有效
• 如果有后续的环境变量加载文件覆盖了PATH定义，则可能不生效

Linux环境变量配置方法三： vim ~/.bash_profile

和修改~/.bashrc文件类似，也是要在文件最后加上新的路径即可

vim ~/.bash_profile

# 在最后一行加上
export PATH=$PATH:/home/uusama/mysql/bin

注意事项：

• 生效时间：使用相同的用户打开新的终端时生效，或者手动source ~/.bash_profile生效
• 生效期限：永久有效
• 生效范围：仅对当前用户有效
• 如果没有~/.bash_profile文件，则可以编辑~/.profile文件或者新建一个

Linux环境变量配置方法四：vim /etc/bashrc

该方法是修改系统配置，需要管理员权限（如root）或者对该文件的写入权限：

# 如果/etc/bashrc文件不可编辑，需要修改为可编辑
chmod -v u+w /etc/bashrc

vim /etc/bashrc

# 在最后一行加上
export PATH=$PATH:/home/uusama/mysql/bin

注意事项：

• 生效时间：新开终端生效，或者手动source /etc/bashrc生效
• 生效期限：永久有效
• 生效范围：对所有用户有效

Linux环境变量配置方法五： vim /etc/profile

该方法修改系统配置，需要管理员权限或者对该文件的写入权限，和vim /etc/bashrc类似：

# 如果/etc/profile文件不可编辑，需要修改为可编辑
chmod -v u+w /etc/profile

vim /etc/profile

# 在最后一行加上
export PATH=$PATH:/home/uusama/mysql/bin

注意事项：

• 生效时间：新开终端生效，或者手动source /etc/profile生效
• 生效期限：永久有效
• 生效范围：对所有用户有效

Linux环境变量配置方法六：vim /etc/environment“

该方法是修改系统环境配置文件，需要管理员权限或者对该文件的写入权限：

# 如果/etc/bashrc文件不可编辑，需要修改为可编辑
chmod -v u+w /etc/environment

vim /etc/profile

# 在最后一行加上
export PATH=$PATH:/home/uusama/mysql/bin

注意事项：

• Effective time: Open a new terminal to take effect, or manually source /etc/environment takes effect
• Validity period: Permanent
• Effective scope: Valid for all users

Linux environment variable loading principle analysis

Various configuration methods of environment variables are listed above, so how does Linux load these configurations? In what order are they loaded?

Specific loading order will cause environment variable definitions with the same name to be overwritten or not take effect.

Classification of environment variables

Environment variables can be simply divided into user-defined environment variables and system-level environment variables.

• User-level environment variable definition files: ~/.bashrc, ~/.profile (some systems are: ~/.bash_profile)
• System-level environment variable definition files: /etc/bashrc, /etc/profile (some systems are: /etc/bash_profile), /etc /environment

In addition, in the user environment variables, the system will first read the ~/.bash_profile (or ~/.profile) file. If there is no such file, it will read it. ~/.bash_login, and then read ~/.bashrc based on the contents of these files.

测试Linux环境变量加载顺序的方法

为了测试各个不同文件的环境变量加载顺序，我们在每个环境变量定义文件中的第一行都定义相同的环境变量UU_ORDER，该变量的值为本身的值连接上当前文件名称。

需要修改的文件如下：

• /etc/environment
• /etc/profile
• /etc/profile.d/test.sh，新建文件，没有文件夹可略过
• /etc/bashrc，或者/etc/bash.bashrc
• ~/.bash_profile，或者~/.profile
• ~/.bashrc

在每个文件中的第一行都加上下面这句代码，并相应的把冒号后的内容修改为当前文件的绝对文件名。

export UU_ORDER="$UU_ORDER:~/.bash_profile"

修改完之后保存，新开一个窗口，然后echo $UU_ORDER观察变量的值：

uusama@ubuntu:~$ echo $UU_ORDER

$UU_ORDER:/etc/environment:/etc/profile:/etc/bash.bashrc:/etc/profile.d/test.sh:~/.profile:~/.bashrc

可以推测出Linux加载环境变量的顺序如下：

1. /etc/environment
2. /etc/profile
3. /etc/bash.bashrc
4. /etc/profile.d/test.sh
5. ~/.profile
6. ~/.bashrc

Linux环境变量文件加载详解

由上面的测试可容易得出Linux加载环境变量的顺序如下，：

系统环境变量 -> 用户自定义环境变量
/etc/environment -> /etc/profile -> ~/.profile

打开/etc/profile文件你会发现，该文件的代码中会加载/etc/bash.bashrc文件，然后检查/etc/profile.d/目录下的.sh文件并加载。

# /etc/profile: system-wide .profile file for the Bourne shell (sh(1))
# and Bourne compatible shells (bash(1), ksh(1), ash(1), ...).

if [ "$PS1" ]; then
  if [ "$BASH" ] && [ "$BASH" != "/bin/sh" ]; then
    # The file bash.bashrc already sets the default PS1.
    # PS1='\h:\w\$ '
    if [ -f /etc/bash.bashrc ]; then
      . /etc/bash.bashrc
    fi
  else
    if [ "`id -u`" -eq 0 ]; then
      PS1='# '
    else
      PS1='$ '
    fi
  fi
fi

if [ -d /etc/profile.d ]; then
  for i in /etc/profile.d/*.sh; do
    if [ -r $i ]; then
      . $i
    fi
  done
  unset i
fi

其次再打开~/.profile文件，会发现该文件中加载了~/.bashrc文件。

# if running bash
if [ -n "$BASH_VERSION" ]; then
    # include .bashrc if it exists
    if [ -f "$HOME/.bashrc" ]; then
  . "$HOME/.bashrc"
    fi
fi

# set PATH so it includes user's private bin directories
PATH="$HOME/bin:$HOME/.local/bin:$PATH"

从~/.profile文件中代码不难发现，/.profile文件只在用户登录的时候读取一次，而/.bashrc会在每次运行Shell脚本的时候读取一次。

Some tips

You can customize an environment variable file, such as defining uusama.profile under a certain project. Use export to define a series of variables in this file, and then Add: sourc uusama.profile after the ~/.profile file, so that you can use a series of variables defined by yourself in the Shell script every time you log in.

You can also use the alias command to define aliases for some commands, such as alias rm="rm -i" (double quotes are required), and add this code to ~/.profile, so every time you use the rm command, it is equivalent to using the rm -i command, which is very convenient.

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