Mysql集群
bitsCN.com在实际生产环境中，部署和实现具有一定负载均衡功能的 MySQL服务器集群，对于提高用户数据库应用系统的性能、速度和稳定性具有明显的作用。本文简要介绍了在 FreeBSD 7.0-Release系统上部署实现MySQL服务器集群的方案，并对可能出现的问题提供了相应的解决方法。
1. 引言
MySQL是一个高速度、高性能、多线程、开放源代码，建立在客户/服务器(Client /Server)结构上的关系型数据库管理系统(RDBMS)。它始于1979年，最初是Michael Widenius为瑞典TcX公司创建的UNIREG数据库系统，当时的UNIREG没有SQL(Structured Query Language结构化查询语言)接口，限制了它的应用。1996年5月，Widenius开发出了MySQL的最初版本，开始在Internet上公开发行。MySQL的开发人员从一开始就一直关注它的性能，为此不惜特性集，直到今天，MySQL依然保持本色，以高速度高性能为首要原则。随着时间的推移，MySQL也加入了大型数据库产品的高级特性，如存储过程、视图、触发器等，使其在企业级数据库系统中开始被部署应用[1]。2008年10 月，SUN公司收购了MySQL AB公司，开始进入开源领域。随着重量级操作系统Solaris的开源，SUN MySQL在数据库市场占有的份额将会进一步提高。因此，在生产环境中部署具有负载均衡功能的MySQL服务器集群，对于提高企业数据库应用系统的速度、稳定性及可伸缩性具有很大的现实意义，也可以有效降低应用系统的投资成本。本文将以FreeBSD 7.0-Release操作系统为例，利用MySQL数据库的复制(Replication)特性，简要介绍部署MySQL服务器集群的实现方法和相关注意事项。
2. 系统模型
本集群的结构为一个主MySQL服务器(Master)服务器与多个从属 MySQL服务器(Slave)建立复制(replication)连接，主服务器与从属服务器实现一定程度上的数据同步，多个从属服务器存储相同的数据副本，实现数据冗余，提供容错功能。部署开发应用系统时，对数据库操作代码进行优化，将写操作(如UPDATE、INSERT)定向到主服务器，把大量的查询操作(SELECT)定向到从属服务器，实现集群的负载均衡功能。如果主服务器发生故障，从属服务器将转换角色成为主服务器，使应用系统为终端用户提供不间断的网络服务;主服务器恢复运行后，将其转换为从属服务器，存储数据库副本，继续对终端用户提供数据查询检索服务。
3. 部署实现
本文以一台主服务器带三台从属服务器为例，简要介绍MySQL服务器集群的实现方案和具体方法步骤。
3.1 系统部署
由于FreeBSD系统对机器硬件要求较低，出于降低系统部署成本考虑，主服务器和从属服务器操作系统均采用FreeBSD 7.0-Release，并采用最小化定制安装，完成以后系统占用磁盘空间仅为254M(不计swap分区所占空间，它随具体机器内存容量的变化而变化)。为充分发挥系统硬件性能，MySQL数据库采用源代码编译安装。
3.1.1 安装FreeBSD系统
在主服务器和从属服务器上安装FreeBSD 7.0-Release，具体安装方法步骤不是本文主要内容，在此略过，如有疑问可以参考FreeBSD系统手册。需要说明的是为方便用户系统运行期间的维护管理，要打开系统的SSH服务功能，系统安装配置期间允许root用户远程登录，正常运行以后要关闭root用户的远程登录功能。在/etc/ssh /sshd_config配置文件中对PermitRootLogin设置为yes为允许root用户远程登录到系统，设置为no即为不允许。修改保存文件后执行kill
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