search
HomeDatabaseMysql TutorialMySQL管理与优化(7)_MySQL

索引的设计与使用

  • 所有MySQL列类型都可以被索引,使用索引是提高SELECT性能的最佳途径。
  • 索引是针对整列的,不支持局部索引。
  • 范例:
-- 表mysql> select * from city;+----+----------+| id | city     |+----+----------+|  1 | ChengDu  ||  2 | NeiJiang ||  3 | HangZhou |+----+----------+-- 创建10个字节的前缀索引mysql> create index cityname on city (city(10));Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.21 sec)Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0-- 查询mysql> explain select * from city where city = 'ChengDu'/G*************************** 1. row ***************************           id: 1  select_type: SIMPLE        table: city         type: refpossible_keys: cityname          key: cityname      key_len: 33          ref: const         rows: 1        Extra: Using where1 row in set (0.04 sec)-- 删除索引mysql> drop index cityname on city;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.48 sec)Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

设计索引的原则

  • 搜索的索引列,不一定是SELECT出的列。最适合索引的列应该是WHERE子句中的列或连接子句中的列,而不是SELECT选择列中的列。
  • 使用唯一索引。索引列的基数越大,索引的效果越好。比如出生日期这种列的值就比较多,而性别这种列的值就只有男女。
  • 使用短索引。如果对字符串进行索引,就应该指定一个前缀长度。
  • 利用最左前缀。创建一个n列索引时,实际创建了MySQL可利用的n个索引。多列索引可起几个索引的作用,因为可以利用索引中最左边的列集来匹配行。
  • 不要过度索引。索引会占用磁盘空间,且会降低写操作的性能。
  • 对于InnoDB存储引擎的表,记录默认会按照一定的顺序保存。有主键,则按主键顺序保存。没有主键,但有唯一索引,就按唯一索引的顺序保存。既没有主键,也没有唯一索引,表中会自动生成一个内部列,并按照这个列的顺序保存。按照主键或内部列进行访问时最快的, 所以InnoDB的表,尽量使用自己的主键。InnoDB表的普通索引都会保存主键的键值,索引主键尽可能选择短的数据类型。

BTREE索引与HASH索引

  • MEMORY存储引擎的表可以选择使用BTREE索引或HASH索引。
  • HASH索引需要注意的地方:

        1. 只用于使用=或操作符的等式比较。

        2. 优化器不能使用HASH索引来加速ORDER BY操作。

        3. MySQL不能确定在两个值之间大约有多少行。如果将MyISAM的表改为HASH索引的MEMORY表,会               影响一些查询的执行效率。

        4. 只能使用整个关键字来搜索一行。

  • 对于BTREE索引,当使用>,=,,或者LIKE 'pattern' ('pattern'不以通配符开始)操作符时,都可以使用相关列上的索引。

具体索引相关的细节可参考:

http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/optimization-indexes.html

不吝指正。

Statement
The content of this article is voluntarily contributed by netizens, and the copyright belongs to the original author. This site does not assume corresponding legal responsibility. If you find any content suspected of plagiarism or infringement, please contact admin@php.cn
MySQL String Types: Storage, Performance, and Best PracticesMySQL String Types: Storage, Performance, and Best PracticesMay 10, 2025 am 12:02 AM

MySQLstringtypesimpactstorageandperformanceasfollows:1)CHARisfixed-length,alwaysusingthesamestoragespace,whichcanbefasterbutlessspace-efficient.2)VARCHARisvariable-length,morespace-efficientbutpotentiallyslower.3)TEXTisforlargetext,storedoutsiderows,

Understanding MySQL String Types: VARCHAR, TEXT, CHAR, and MoreUnderstanding MySQL String Types: VARCHAR, TEXT, CHAR, and MoreMay 10, 2025 am 12:02 AM

MySQLstringtypesincludeVARCHAR,TEXT,CHAR,ENUM,andSET.1)VARCHARisversatileforvariable-lengthstringsuptoaspecifiedlimit.2)TEXTisidealforlargetextstoragewithoutadefinedlength.3)CHARisfixed-length,suitableforconsistentdatalikecodes.4)ENUMenforcesdatainte

What are the String Data Types in MySQL?What are the String Data Types in MySQL?May 10, 2025 am 12:01 AM

MySQLoffersvariousstringdatatypes:1)CHARforfixed-lengthstrings,2)VARCHARforvariable-lengthtext,3)BINARYandVARBINARYforbinarydata,4)BLOBandTEXTforlargedata,and5)ENUMandSETforcontrolledinput.Eachtypehasspecificusesandperformancecharacteristics,sochoose

How to Grant Permissions to New MySQL UsersHow to Grant Permissions to New MySQL UsersMay 09, 2025 am 12:16 AM

TograntpermissionstonewMySQLusers,followthesesteps:1)AccessMySQLasauserwithsufficientprivileges,2)CreateanewuserwiththeCREATEUSERcommand,3)UsetheGRANTcommandtospecifypermissionslikeSELECT,INSERT,UPDATE,orALLPRIVILEGESonspecificdatabasesortables,and4)

How to Add Users in MySQL: A Step-by-Step GuideHow to Add Users in MySQL: A Step-by-Step GuideMay 09, 2025 am 12:14 AM

ToaddusersinMySQLeffectivelyandsecurely,followthesesteps:1)UsetheCREATEUSERstatementtoaddanewuser,specifyingthehostandastrongpassword.2)GrantnecessaryprivilegesusingtheGRANTstatement,adheringtotheprincipleofleastprivilege.3)Implementsecuritymeasuresl

MySQL: Adding a new user with complex permissionsMySQL: Adding a new user with complex permissionsMay 09, 2025 am 12:09 AM

ToaddanewuserwithcomplexpermissionsinMySQL,followthesesteps:1)CreatetheuserwithCREATEUSER'newuser'@'localhost'IDENTIFIEDBY'password';.2)Grantreadaccesstoalltablesin'mydatabase'withGRANTSELECTONmydatabase.TO'newuser'@'localhost';.3)Grantwriteaccessto'

MySQL: String Data Types and CollationsMySQL: String Data Types and CollationsMay 09, 2025 am 12:08 AM

The string data types in MySQL include CHAR, VARCHAR, BINARY, VARBINARY, BLOB, and TEXT. The collations determine the comparison and sorting of strings. 1.CHAR is suitable for fixed-length strings, VARCHAR is suitable for variable-length strings. 2.BINARY and VARBINARY are used for binary data, and BLOB and TEXT are used for large object data. 3. Sorting rules such as utf8mb4_unicode_ci ignores upper and lower case and is suitable for user names; utf8mb4_bin is case sensitive and is suitable for fields that require precise comparison.

MySQL: What length should I use for VARCHARs?MySQL: What length should I use for VARCHARs?May 09, 2025 am 12:06 AM

The best MySQLVARCHAR column length selection should be based on data analysis, consider future growth, evaluate performance impacts, and character set requirements. 1) Analyze the data to determine typical lengths; 2) Reserve future expansion space; 3) Pay attention to the impact of large lengths on performance; 4) Consider the impact of character sets on storage. Through these steps, the efficiency and scalability of the database can be optimized.

See all articles

Hot AI Tools

Undresser.AI Undress

Undresser.AI Undress

AI-powered app for creating realistic nude photos

AI Clothes Remover

AI Clothes Remover

Online AI tool for removing clothes from photos.

Undress AI Tool

Undress AI Tool

Undress images for free

Clothoff.io

Clothoff.io

AI clothes remover

Video Face Swap

Video Face Swap

Swap faces in any video effortlessly with our completely free AI face swap tool!

Hot Tools

Atom editor mac version download

Atom editor mac version download

The most popular open source editor

SublimeText3 Linux new version

SublimeText3 Linux new version

SublimeText3 Linux latest version

mPDF

mPDF

mPDF is a PHP library that can generate PDF files from UTF-8 encoded HTML. The original author, Ian Back, wrote mPDF to output PDF files "on the fly" from his website and handle different languages. It is slower than original scripts like HTML2FPDF and produces larger files when using Unicode fonts, but supports CSS styles etc. and has a lot of enhancements. Supports almost all languages, including RTL (Arabic and Hebrew) and CJK (Chinese, Japanese and Korean). Supports nested block-level elements (such as P, DIV),

MinGW - Minimalist GNU for Windows

MinGW - Minimalist GNU for Windows

This project is in the process of being migrated to osdn.net/projects/mingw, you can continue to follow us there. MinGW: A native Windows port of the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC), freely distributable import libraries and header files for building native Windows applications; includes extensions to the MSVC runtime to support C99 functionality. All MinGW software can run on 64-bit Windows platforms.

SublimeText3 English version

SublimeText3 English version

Recommended: Win version, supports code prompts!