索引的设计与使用
- 所有MySQL列类型都可以被索引,使用索引是提高SELECT性能的最佳途径。
- 索引是针对整列的,不支持局部索引。
- 范例:
-- 表mysql> select * from city;+----+----------+| id | city |+----+----------+| 1 | ChengDu || 2 | NeiJiang || 3 | HangZhou |+----+----------+-- 创建10个字节的前缀索引mysql> create index cityname on city (city(10));Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.21 sec)Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0-- 查询mysql> explain select * from city where city = 'ChengDu'/G*************************** 1. row *************************** id: 1 select_type: SIMPLE table: city type: refpossible_keys: cityname key: cityname key_len: 33 ref: const rows: 1 Extra: Using where1 row in set (0.04 sec)-- 删除索引mysql> drop index cityname on city;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.48 sec)Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
设计索引的原则
- 搜索的索引列,不一定是SELECT出的列。最适合索引的列应该是WHERE子句中的列或连接子句中的列,而不是SELECT选择列中的列。
- 使用唯一索引。索引列的基数越大,索引的效果越好。比如出生日期这种列的值就比较多,而性别这种列的值就只有男女。
- 使用短索引。如果对字符串进行索引,就应该指定一个前缀长度。
- 利用最左前缀。创建一个n列索引时,实际创建了MySQL可利用的n个索引。多列索引可起几个索引的作用,因为可以利用索引中最左边的列集来匹配行。
- 不要过度索引。索引会占用磁盘空间,且会降低写操作的性能。
- 对于InnoDB存储引擎的表,记录默认会按照一定的顺序保存。有主键,则按主键顺序保存。没有主键,但有唯一索引,就按唯一索引的顺序保存。既没有主键,也没有唯一索引,表中会自动生成一个内部列,并按照这个列的顺序保存。按照主键或内部列进行访问时最快的, 所以InnoDB的表,尽量使用自己的主键。InnoDB表的普通索引都会保存主键的键值,索引主键尽可能选择短的数据类型。
BTREE索引与HASH索引
- MEMORY存储引擎的表可以选择使用BTREE索引或HASH索引。
- HASH索引需要注意的地方:
1. 只用于使用=或操作符的等式比较。
2. 优化器不能使用HASH索引来加速ORDER BY操作。
3. MySQL不能确定在两个值之间大约有多少行。如果将MyISAM的表改为HASH索引的MEMORY表,会 影响一些查询的执行效率。
4. 只能使用整个关键字来搜索一行。
- 对于BTREE索引,当使用>,=,,或者LIKE 'pattern' ('pattern'不以通配符开始)操作符时,都可以使用相关列上的索引。
具体索引相关的细节可参考:
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/optimization-indexes.html
不吝指正。

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