bitsCN.com
MySQL 的order by 涉及到三个参数:
A. sort_buffer_size 排序缓存。
B. read_rnd_buffer_size 第二次排序缓存。
C. max_length_for_sort_data 带普通列的最大排序约束。
我来简单说下MySQL的排序规则。
假设查询语句select * from tb1 where 1 order by a ; 字段a没有建立索引;以上三个参数都足够大。
MySQL内部有两种排序规则:
第一种,是普通的排序。这种排序的特点是节省内存,但是最终会对磁盘有一次随机扫描。 大概主要过程如下:
1. 由于没有WHERE条件,所以直接对磁盘进行全表扫描,把字段a以及每行的物理ID(假设为TID)拿出来。然后把所有拿到的记录全部放到sort_buffer_size中进行排序。
2. 根据排好序的TID,从磁盘随机扫描所需要的所有记录,排好序后再次把所有必须的记录放到read_rnd_buffer_size中。
第二种,是冗余排序。这种排序的特点是不需要二次对磁盘进行随机扫描,但是缺点很明显,太浪费内存空间。
跟第一种不同的是,在第一步里拿到的不仅仅是字段a以及TID,而是把所有请求的记录全部拿到后,放到sort_buffer_size中进行排序。这样可以直接从缓存中返回记录给客户端,不用再次从磁盘上获取一次。
从MySQL 5.7 后,对第二种排序进行了打包压缩处理,避免太浪费内存。比如对于varchar(255)来说,实际存储为varchar(3)。那么相比之前的方式节约了好多内存,避免缓存区域不够时,建立磁盘临时表。
以下为简单的演示
mysql> use t_girl;
Database changed
三个参数的具体值:
mysql> select truncate(@@sort_buffer_size/1024/1024,2)||'MB' as 'sort_buffer_size',truncate(@@read_rnd_buffer_size/1024/1024,2)||'MB' as read_rnd_buffer_zie,@@max_length_for_sort_data as max_length_for_sort_data;+------------------+---------------------+--------------------------+| sort_buffer_size | read_rnd_buffer_zie | max_length_for_sort_data |+------------------+---------------------+--------------------------+| 2.00MB | 2.00MB | 1024 |+------------------+---------------------+--------------------------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)
演示表的相关数据:
mysql> select table_name,table_rows,concat(truncate(data_length/1024/1024,2),'MB') as 'table_size' from information_schema.tables where table_name = 't1' and table_schema = 't_girl';+------------+------------+------------+| table_name | table_rows | table_size |+------------+------------+------------+| t1 | 2092640 | 74.60MB |+------------+------------+------------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)
开启优化器跟踪:
mysql> SET OPTIMIZER_TRACE="enabled=on",END_MARKERS_IN_JSON=on;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
从数据字典里面拿到跟踪结果:
mysql> select * from information_schema.optimizer_trace/G*************************** 1. row *************************** QUERY: select * from t1 where id " } /* filesort_summary */ } ] /* steps */ } /* join_execution */ } ] /* steps *

MySQL is suitable for beginners to learn database skills. 1. Install MySQL server and client tools. 2. Understand basic SQL queries, such as SELECT. 3. Master data operations: create tables, insert, update, and delete data. 4. Learn advanced skills: subquery and window functions. 5. Debugging and optimization: Check syntax, use indexes, avoid SELECT*, and use LIMIT.

MySQL efficiently manages structured data through table structure and SQL query, and implements inter-table relationships through foreign keys. 1. Define the data format and type when creating a table. 2. Use foreign keys to establish relationships between tables. 3. Improve performance through indexing and query optimization. 4. Regularly backup and monitor databases to ensure data security and performance optimization.

MySQL is an open source relational database management system that is widely used in Web development. Its key features include: 1. Supports multiple storage engines, such as InnoDB and MyISAM, suitable for different scenarios; 2. Provides master-slave replication functions to facilitate load balancing and data backup; 3. Improve query efficiency through query optimization and index use.

SQL is used to interact with MySQL database to realize data addition, deletion, modification, inspection and database design. 1) SQL performs data operations through SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE statements; 2) Use CREATE, ALTER, DROP statements for database design and management; 3) Complex queries and data analysis are implemented through SQL to improve business decision-making efficiency.

The basic operations of MySQL include creating databases, tables, and using SQL to perform CRUD operations on data. 1. Create a database: CREATEDATABASEmy_first_db; 2. Create a table: CREATETABLEbooks(idINTAUTO_INCREMENTPRIMARYKEY, titleVARCHAR(100)NOTNULL, authorVARCHAR(100)NOTNULL, published_yearINT); 3. Insert data: INSERTINTObooks(title, author, published_year)VA

The main role of MySQL in web applications is to store and manage data. 1.MySQL efficiently processes user information, product catalogs, transaction records and other data. 2. Through SQL query, developers can extract information from the database to generate dynamic content. 3.MySQL works based on the client-server model to ensure acceptable query speed.

The steps to build a MySQL database include: 1. Create a database and table, 2. Insert data, and 3. Conduct queries. First, use the CREATEDATABASE and CREATETABLE statements to create the database and table, then use the INSERTINTO statement to insert the data, and finally use the SELECT statement to query the data.

MySQL is suitable for beginners because it is easy to use and powerful. 1.MySQL is a relational database, and uses SQL for CRUD operations. 2. It is simple to install and requires the root user password to be configured. 3. Use INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, and SELECT to perform data operations. 4. ORDERBY, WHERE and JOIN can be used for complex queries. 5. Debugging requires checking the syntax and use EXPLAIN to analyze the query. 6. Optimization suggestions include using indexes, choosing the right data type and good programming habits.


Hot AI Tools

Undresser.AI Undress
AI-powered app for creating realistic nude photos

AI Clothes Remover
Online AI tool for removing clothes from photos.

Undress AI Tool
Undress images for free

Clothoff.io
AI clothes remover

AI Hentai Generator
Generate AI Hentai for free.

Hot Article

Hot Tools

MinGW - Minimalist GNU for Windows
This project is in the process of being migrated to osdn.net/projects/mingw, you can continue to follow us there. MinGW: A native Windows port of the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC), freely distributable import libraries and header files for building native Windows applications; includes extensions to the MSVC runtime to support C99 functionality. All MinGW software can run on 64-bit Windows platforms.

Notepad++7.3.1
Easy-to-use and free code editor

WebStorm Mac version
Useful JavaScript development tools

Dreamweaver Mac version
Visual web development tools

SublimeText3 Mac version
God-level code editing software (SublimeText3)