执行GROUP BY子句的最一般的方法:先扫描整个表,然后创建一个新的临时表,表中每个组的所有行应为连续的,最后使用该临时表来找到组
并应用聚集函数(如果有聚集函数)。在某些情况中,MySQL通过访问索引就可以得到结果,而不用创建临时表。此类查询的 EXPLAIN 输出显示 Extra
列的值为 Using index for group-by。
一。松散索引扫描
1.满足条件
- 查询针对一个表。
- GROUP BY 使用索引的最左前缀。
- 只可以使用MIN()和MAX()聚集函数,并且它们均指向相同的列。
2.示例
表t1(c1,c2,c3,c4) 有一个索引 idx(c1,c2,c3):
SELECT c1, c2 FROM t1 GROUP BY c1, c2;SELECT DISTINCT c1, c2 FROM t1;SELECT c1, MIN(c2) FROM t1 GROUP BY c1;SELECT c1, c2 FROM t1 WHERE c1 const GROUP BY c1, c2;SELECT c2 FROM t1 WHERE c1 <p>不满足条件示例:</p><pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false">1. 除了MIN()或MAX(),还有其它累积函数,例如: SELECT c1, SUM(c2) FROM t1 GROUP BY c1;<br>2. GROUP BY子句中的域不引用索引开头,例如:
SELECT c1,c2 FROM t1 GROUP BY c2, c3;<br>3. 查询引用了GROUP BY 部分后面的关键字的一部分,并且没有等于常量的等式,例如: SELECT c1,c3 FROM t1 GROUP BY c1, c2;
二。紧凑索引扫描
如果不满足松散索引扫描条件,执行GROUP BY仍然可以不用创建临时表。如果WHERE子句中有范围条件,该方法只读取满足这些条件的关键字。
否则,进行索引扫描。该方法读取由WHERE子句定义的范围。
1. GROUP BY 中有一个漏洞,但已经由条件c2 = 'a'覆盖。 SELECT c1,c2,c3 FROM t1 WHERE c2 = 'a' GROUP BY c1,c3;<br>2. GROUP BY 不是满足最左前缀,但是有一个条件提供该元素的常量: SELECT c1,c2,c3 FROM t1 WHERE c1 = 'a' GROUP BY c2,c3;

MySQL is suitable for beginners to learn database skills. 1. Install MySQL server and client tools. 2. Understand basic SQL queries, such as SELECT. 3. Master data operations: create tables, insert, update, and delete data. 4. Learn advanced skills: subquery and window functions. 5. Debugging and optimization: Check syntax, use indexes, avoid SELECT*, and use LIMIT.

MySQL efficiently manages structured data through table structure and SQL query, and implements inter-table relationships through foreign keys. 1. Define the data format and type when creating a table. 2. Use foreign keys to establish relationships between tables. 3. Improve performance through indexing and query optimization. 4. Regularly backup and monitor databases to ensure data security and performance optimization.

MySQL is an open source relational database management system that is widely used in Web development. Its key features include: 1. Supports multiple storage engines, such as InnoDB and MyISAM, suitable for different scenarios; 2. Provides master-slave replication functions to facilitate load balancing and data backup; 3. Improve query efficiency through query optimization and index use.

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The basic operations of MySQL include creating databases, tables, and using SQL to perform CRUD operations on data. 1. Create a database: CREATEDATABASEmy_first_db; 2. Create a table: CREATETABLEbooks(idINTAUTO_INCREMENTPRIMARYKEY, titleVARCHAR(100)NOTNULL, authorVARCHAR(100)NOTNULL, published_yearINT); 3. Insert data: INSERTINTObooks(title, author, published_year)VA

The main role of MySQL in web applications is to store and manage data. 1.MySQL efficiently processes user information, product catalogs, transaction records and other data. 2. Through SQL query, developers can extract information from the database to generate dynamic content. 3.MySQL works based on the client-server model to ensure acceptable query speed.

The steps to build a MySQL database include: 1. Create a database and table, 2. Insert data, and 3. Conduct queries. First, use the CREATEDATABASE and CREATETABLE statements to create the database and table, then use the INSERTINTO statement to insert the data, and finally use the SELECT statement to query the data.

MySQL is suitable for beginners because it is easy to use and powerful. 1.MySQL is a relational database, and uses SQL for CRUD operations. 2. It is simple to install and requires the root user password to be configured. 3. Use INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, and SELECT to perform data operations. 4. ORDERBY, WHERE and JOIN can be used for complex queries. 5. Debugging requires checking the syntax and use EXPLAIN to analyze the query. 6. Optimization suggestions include using indexes, choosing the right data type and good programming habits.


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