静态重定位是计算机编程中的一个重要概念,它指的是在程序加载时,将程序中的符号(函数名、全局变量等)绑定到实际的内存地址上的过程。在编译器完成编译后,生成的可执行文件中存储了程序的二进制代码和相关的符号信息。而静态重定位则是在程序运行之前,根据实际的内存布局,将这些符号绑定到正确的内存地址上,以确保程序在执行时能够正确地访问这些符号所在的内存位置。
静态重定位通常在操作系统加载可执行文件时发生。当一个可执行文件被加载到内存中时,操作系统会解析可执行文件的结构,将程序的代码段和数据段等内容放置在合适的内存地址上。同时,操作系统也会查找并解析可执行文件中存储的符号表,将其中的符号与内存中的地址进行绑定。
下面以一个简单的C语言程序为例,来具体说明静态重定位的过程。假设我们有以下的C语言程序,保存为example.c
文件:
#include <stdio.h> int globalVar = 10; void func() { printf("Hello, world! "); } int main() { func(); printf("The value of globalVar is: %d ", globalVar); return 0; }
我们可以通过GCC编译器将其编译为可执行文件。打开终端,进入文件所在的目录,输入以下命令:
gcc -o example example.c
编译完成后,我们得到了一个名为example
的可执行文件。这个可执行文件中包含了程序的二进制代码以及相关的符号信息。
接下来,我们通过objdump
命令查看这个可执行文件的内容,输入以下命令:
objdump -d example
运行后可以看到类似以下的输出:
... 0804860d <func>: 804860d: 55 push %ebp 804860e: 89 e5 mov %esp,%ebp 8048610: 83 ec 10 sub $0x10,%esp 8048613: c7 04 24 20 87 04 08 movl $0x8048720,(%esp) 804861a: e8 d1 fe ff ff call 80484f0 <puts@plt> 804861f: c9 leave 8048620: c3 ret 08048621 <main>: 8048621: 55 push %ebp 8048622: 89 e5 mov %esp,%ebp 8048624: 83 ec 10 sub $0x10,%esp 8048627: e8 e1 ff ff ff call 804860d <func> 804862c: 8d 05 fc ff ff ff lea -0x4(%ebp),%eax 8048632: 8b 00 mov (%eax),%eax 8048634: 50 push %eax 8048635: 8d 45 f4 lea -0xc(%ebp),%eax 8048638: 50 push %eax 8048639: 68 00 88 04 08 push $0x8048800 804863e: e8 7d fe ff ff call 804841e <printf@plt> 8048643: 83 c4 10 add $0x10,%esp 8048646: b8 00 00 00 00 mov $0x0,%eax 804864b: c9 leave 804864c: c3 ret ...
上述代码是通过objdump
生成的可执行文件的汇编代码。在这段汇编代码中,我们可以看到func
函数和main
函数的定义和具体实现。在main
函数内部,有一行代码call 804860d <func></func>
,这表示程序会调用func
函数。而在func
函数的开头也有一行代码movl $0x8048720,(%esp)
,这表示程序将$0x8048720
的值存储到栈顶。
现在我们来分析一下这里的符号和地址的关系。在main
函数中,我们需要调用func
函数,而func
函数的地址是0x0804860d
,这个地址是与机器码相关的实际内存地址。在这个例子中,静态重定位的过程就是将call
指令中的804860d
换成实际的内存地址0x0804860d
的过程。
运行可执行文件时,操作系统会读取这个可执行文件,将其加载到内存中。在这个过程中,操作系统会找到程序中的符号和这些符号对应的内存地址,将程序与库函数进行链接,最终生成一个可执行的进程。通过这个过程,静态重定位完成,符号与内存地址之间建立了正确的映射关系。
总的来说,静态重定位是计算机程序在加载和运行时的重要步骤。它的目的是为了确保程序能够正确地访问需要的符号,并将其绑定到正确的内存地址上。通过这个过程,程序能够在运行时正常执行,实现预期的功能。
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