Detailed explanation of the case of calculating specific CPU usage in Linux

Calculating specific CPU usage in Linux Requirements solution expansion reference

need

In Linux, you can use the top command to check the CPU occupied by a certain process, or you can check the usage of a certain CPU (first top command, then press the number "1" key to display the usage of each CPU) ,As shown below:

And our requirement is: How to get a CPU occupancy rate?

solution

1. Background knowledge

You can check the usage of each CPU in /proc/stat, as shown below:

The meaning of the ten numbers after cpu (0/1/2/…) is as follows:

/proc/stat
kernel/system statistics.  Varies with architecture.  
Common entries include:

     user nice system idle iowait  irq  softirq steal guest guest_nice
cpu  4705 356  584    3699   23    23     0       0     0        0
cpu0 1393280 32966 572056 13343292 6130 0 17875 0 23933 0
   The amount of time, measured in units of USER_HZ
   (1/100ths of a second on most architectures, use
   sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK) to obtain the right value), that
   the system ("cpu" line) or the specific CPU ("cpuN"
   line) spent in various states:

   user   (1) Time spent in user mode.

   nice   (2) Time spent in user mode with low priority
          (nice).

   system (3) Time spent in system mode.

   idle   (4) Time spent in the idle task.  This value
          should be USER_HZ times the second entry in the
          /proc/uptime pseudo-file.

   iowait (since Linux 2.5.41)
          (5) Time waiting for I/O to complete.  This
          value is not reliable, for the following rea‐
          sons:

          1. The CPU will not wait for I/O to complete;
             iowait is the time that a task is waiting for
             I/O to complete.  When a CPU goes into idle
             state for outstanding task I/O, another task
             will be scheduled on this CPU.

          2. On a multi-core CPU, the task waiting for I/O
             to complete is not running on any CPU, so the
             iowait of each CPU is difficult to calculate.

          3. The value in this field may decrease in cer‐
             tain conditions.

   irq (since Linux 2.6.0-test4)
          (6) Time servicing interrupts.

   softirq (since Linux 2.6.0-test4)
          (7) Time servicing softirqs.

   steal (since Linux 2.6.11)
          (8) Stolen time, which is the time spent in
          other operating systems when running in a virtu‐
          alized environment

   guest (since Linux 2.6.24)
          (9) Time spent running a virtual CPU for guest
          operating systems under the control of the Linux
          kernel.

   guest_nice (since Linux 2.6.33)
          (10) Time spent running a niced guest (virtual
          CPU for guest operating systems under the con‐
          trol of the Linux kernel).

2. Calculate specific CPU usage

With the above background knowledge, we can then calculate the specific CPU usage. The specific calculation method is as follows:

Total CPU time since boot = user+nice+system+idle+iowait+irq+softirq+steal
Total CPU Idle time since boot = idle + iowait
Total CPU usage time since boot = Total CPU time since boot - Total CPU Idle time since boot
Total CPU percentage = Total CPU usage time since boot/Total CPU time since boot * 100%

With the above calculation formula, it is not difficult to calculate a certain CPU usage or the total CPU usage of the system.
Example: Calculate the overall CPU usage of the system
First, get the overall user, nice, system, idle, iowait, irq, softirq, steal, guest, guest_nice values ​​of the system at t1 from /proc/stat, and get the Total CPU time since boot ( Denoted as total1) and Total CPU idle time since boot (denoted as idle1).
Secondly, obtain the total Total CPU time since boot (recorded as total2) and Total CPU idle time since boot (recorded as idle2) of the system at time t2 from /proc/stat. (The method is the same as the previous step)
Finally, calculate the total CPU usage of the system between t2 and t1. That is:
CPU percentage between t1 and t2 = ((total2-total1)-(idle2-idle1))/(total2-total1)* 100%
Among them, ((total2-total1)-(idle2-idle1)) is actually the time that the system CPU is occupied between t1 and t2 (total time - idle time).
The following is a script that calculates CPU usage within a period of time:

#!/bin/bash
# by Paul Colby (http://colby.id.au), no rights reserved ;)

PREV_TOTAL=0
PREV_IDLE=0

while true; do
  # Get the total CPU statistics, discarding the 'cpu ' prefix.
  CPU=(`sed -n 's/^cpu\s//p' /proc/stat`)
  IDLE=${CPU[3]} # Just the idle CPU time.

  # Calculate the total CPU time.
  TOTAL=0
  for VALUE in "${CPU[@]}"; do
    let "TOTAL=$TOTAL+$VALUE"
  done

  # Calculate the CPU usage since we last checked.
  let "DIFF_IDLE=$IDLE-$PREV_IDLE"
  let "DIFF_TOTAL=$TOTAL-$PREV_TOTAL"
  let "DIFF_USAGE=(1000*($DIFF_TOTAL-$DIFF_IDLE)/$DIFF_TOTAL+5)/10"
  echo -en "\rCPU: $DIFF_USAGE%  \b\b"

  # Remember the total and idle CPU times for the next check.
  PREV_TOTAL="$TOTAL"
  PREV_IDLE="$IDLE"

  # Wait before checking again.
  sleep 1
done

expand

In the kernel, the implementation functions for files in /proc/stat are as follows:

附注：内核版本3.14.69，文件为 /fs/proc/stat.c

#include <linux/cpumask.h>
#include <linux/fs.h>
#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/interrupt.h>
#include <linux/kernel_stat.h>
#include <linux/proc_fs.h>
#include <linux/sched.h>
#include <linux/seq_file.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#include <linux/time.h>
#include <linux/irqnr.h>
#include <asm/cputime.h>
#include <linux/tick.h>

#ifndef arch_irq_stat_cpu
#define arch_irq_stat_cpu(cpu) 0
#endif
#ifndef arch_irq_stat
#define arch_irq_stat() 0
#endif

#ifdef arch_idle_time

static cputime64_t get_idle_time(int cpu)
{
	cputime64_t idle;

	idle = kcpustat_cpu(cpu).cpustat[CPUTIME_IDLE];
	if (cpu_online(cpu) && !nr_iowait_cpu(cpu))
		idle += arch_idle_time(cpu);
	return idle;
}

static cputime64_t get_iowait_time(int cpu)
{
	cputime64_t iowait;

	iowait = kcpustat_cpu(cpu).cpustat[CPUTIME_IOWAIT];
	if (cpu_online(cpu) && nr_iowait_cpu(cpu))
		iowait += arch_idle_time(cpu);
	return iowait;
}

#else

static u64 get_idle_time(int cpu)
{
	u64 idle, idle_time = -1ULL;

	if (cpu_online(cpu))
		idle_time = get_cpu_idle_time_us(cpu, NULL);

	if (idle_time == -1ULL)
		/* !NO_HZ or cpu offline so we can rely on cpustat.idle */
		idle = kcpustat_cpu(cpu).cpustat[CPUTIME_IDLE];
	else
		idle = usecs_to_cputime64(idle_time);

	return idle;
}

static u64 get_iowait_time(int cpu)
{
	u64 iowait, iowait_time = -1ULL;

	if (cpu_online(cpu))
		iowait_time = get_cpu_iowait_time_us(cpu, NULL);

	if (iowait_time == -1ULL)
		/* !NO_HZ or cpu offline so we can rely on cpustat.iowait */
		iowait = kcpustat_cpu(cpu).cpustat[CPUTIME_IOWAIT];
	else
		iowait = usecs_to_cputime64(iowait_time);

	return iowait;
}

#endif

static int show_stat(struct seq_file *p, void *v)
{
	int i, j;
	unsigned long jif;
	u64 user, nice, system, idle, iowait, irq, softirq, steal;
	u64 guest, guest_nice;
	u64 sum = 0;
	u64 sum_softirq = 0;
	unsigned int per_softirq_sums[NR_SOFTIRQS] = {0};
	struct timespec boottime;

	user = nice = system = idle = iowait =
		irq = softirq = steal = 0;
	guest = guest_nice = 0;
	getboottime(&boottime);
	jif = boottime.tv_sec;

	for_each_possible_cpu(i) {
		user += kcpustat_cpu(i).cpustat[CPUTIME_USER];
		nice += kcpustat_cpu(i).cpustat[CPUTIME_NICE];
		system += kcpustat_cpu(i).cpustat[CPUTIME_SYSTEM];
		idle += get_idle_time(i);
		iowait += get_iowait_time(i);
		irq += kcpustat_cpu(i).cpustat[CPUTIME_IRQ];
		softirq += kcpustat_cpu(i).cpustat[CPUTIME_SOFTIRQ];
		steal += kcpustat_cpu(i).cpustat[CPUTIME_STEAL];
		guest += kcpustat_cpu(i).cpustat[CPUTIME_GUEST];
		guest_nice += kcpustat_cpu(i).cpustat[CPUTIME_GUEST_NICE];
		sum += kstat_cpu_irqs_sum(i);
		sum += arch_irq_stat_cpu(i);

		for (j = 0; j < NR_SOFTIRQS; j++) {
			unsigned int softirq_stat = kstat_softirqs_cpu(j, i);

			per_softirq_sums[j] += softirq_stat;
			sum_softirq += softirq_stat;
		}
	}
	sum += arch_irq_stat();

	seq_puts(p, "cpu ");
	seq_put_decimal_ull(p, ' ', cputime64_to_clock_t(user));
	seq_put_decimal_ull(p, ' ', cputime64_to_clock_t(nice));
	seq_put_decimal_ull(p, ' ', cputime64_to_clock_t(system));
	seq_put_decimal_ull(p, ' ', cputime64_to_clock_t(idle));
	seq_put_decimal_ull(p, ' ', cputime64_to_clock_t(iowait));
	seq_put_decimal_ull(p, ' ', cputime64_to_clock_t(irq));
	seq_put_decimal_ull(p, ' ', cputime64_to_clock_t(softirq));
	seq_put_decimal_ull(p, ' ', cputime64_to_clock_t(steal));
	seq_put_decimal_ull(p, ' ', cputime64_to_clock_t(guest));
	seq_put_decimal_ull(p, ' ', cputime64_to_clock_t(guest_nice));
	seq_putc(p, '\n');

	for_each_online_cpu(i) {
		/* Copy values here to work around gcc-2.95.3, gcc-2.96 */
		user = kcpustat_cpu(i).cpustat[CPUTIME_USER];
		nice = kcpustat_cpu(i).cpustat[CPUTIME_NICE];
		system = kcpustat_cpu(i).cpustat[CPUTIME_SYSTEM];
		idle = get_idle_time(i);
		iowait = get_iowait_time(i);
		irq = kcpustat_cpu(i).cpustat[CPUTIME_IRQ];
		softirq = kcpustat_cpu(i).cpustat[CPUTIME_SOFTIRQ];
		steal = kcpustat_cpu(i).cpustat[CPUTIME_STEAL];
		guest = kcpustat_cpu(i).cpustat[CPUTIME_GUEST];
		guest_nice = kcpustat_cpu(i).cpustat[CPUTIME_GUEST_NICE];
		seq_printf(p, "cpu%d", i);
		seq_put_decimal_ull(p, ' ', cputime64_to_clock_t(user));
		seq_put_decimal_ull(p, ' ', cputime64_to_clock_t(nice));
		seq_put_decimal_ull(p, ' ', cputime64_to_clock_t(system));
		seq_put_decimal_ull(p, ' ', cputime64_to_clock_t(idle));
		seq_put_decimal_ull(p, ' ', cputime64_to_clock_t(iowait));
		seq_put_decimal_ull(p, ' ', cputime64_to_clock_t(irq));
		seq_put_decimal_ull(p, ' ', cputime64_to_clock_t(softirq));
		seq_put_decimal_ull(p, ' ', cputime64_to_clock_t(steal));
		seq_put_decimal_ull(p, ' ', cputime64_to_clock_t(guest));
		seq_put_decimal_ull(p, ' ', cputime64_to_clock_t(guest_nice));
		seq_putc(p, '\n');
	}
	seq_printf(p, "intr %llu", (unsigned long long)sum);

	/* sum again ? it could be updated? */
	for_each_irq_nr(j)
		seq_put_decimal_ull(p, ' ', kstat_irqs_usr(j));

	seq_printf(p,
		"\nctxt %llu\n"
		"btime %lu\n"
		"processes %lu\n"
		"procs_running %lu\n"
		"procs_blocked %lu\n",
		nr_context_switches(),
		(unsigned long)jif,
		total_forks,
		nr_running(),
		nr_iowait());

	seq_printf(p, "softirq %llu", (unsigned long long)sum_softirq);

	for (i = 0; i < NR_SOFTIRQS; i++)
		seq_put_decimal_ull(p, ' ', per_softirq_sums[i]);
	seq_putc(p, '\n');

	return 0;
}

static int stat_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
{
	size_t size = 1024 + 128 * num_possible_cpus();
	char *buf;
	struct seq_file *m;
	int res;

	/* minimum size to display an interrupt count : 2 bytes */
	size += 2 * nr_irqs;

	/* don't ask for more than the kmalloc() max size */
	if (size > KMALLOC_MAX_SIZE)
		size = KMALLOC_MAX_SIZE;
	buf = kmalloc(size, GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!buf)
		return -ENOMEM;

	res = single_open(file, show_stat, NULL);
	if (!res) {
		m = file->private_data;
		m->buf = buf;
		m->size = ksize(buf);
	} else
		kfree(buf);
	return res;
}

static const struct file_operations proc_stat_operations = {
	.open		= stat_open,
	.read		= seq_read,
	.llseek		= seq_lseek,
	.release	= single_release,
};

static int __init proc_stat_init(void)
{
	proc_create("stat", 0, NULL, &proc_stat_operations);
	return 0;
}
fs_initcall(proc_stat_init);

refer to

http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man5/proc.5.html

https://www.php.cn/link/f45cc474bff52cb1b2268a2f94a2abcf

https://www.php.cn/link/73d02e4344f71a0b0d51a925246990e7

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