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HomeDatabaseMysql TutorialMySQL中采用类型varchar(20)和varchar(255)对性能上的影响_MySQL


1.MySQL建立索引时如果没有限制索引的大小,索引长度会默认采用的该字段的长度,也就是说varchar(20)和varchar(255)对应的索引长度分别为20*3(utf-8)(+2+1),255*3(utf-8)(+2+1),其中"+2"用来存储长度信息,“+1”用来标记是否为空,加载索引信息时用varchar(255)类型会占用更多的内存; (备注:当字段定义为非空的时候,是否为空的标记将不占用字节)例如,测试sql(InnoDB引擎)如下:
CREATE DATABASE TestDataBase
USE TestDataBase
CREATE TABLE ABC (
  `id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `name` varchar(20) DEFAULT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
ALTER  TABLE  `ABC`  ADD  INDEX `nameIndex` (`name`)
explain select name from ABC
alter table ABC  modify name varchar(255)
explain select name from ABC

结果中的ken_len表示索引使用的字节数:key_len的长度计算公式:
varchr(10)变长字段且允许NULL:10*(Character Set:utf8=3,gbk=2,latin1=1)+1(NULL)+2(变长字段)
varchr(10)变长字段且不允许NULL:10*(Character Set:utf8=3,gbk=2,latin1=1)+2(变长字段)
char(10)固定字段且允许NULL:10*(Character Set:utf8=3,gbk=2,latin1=1)+1(NULL)
char(10)固定字段且允许NULL:10*(Character Set:utf8=3,gbk=2,latin1=1)
根据这个值,就可以判断索引使用情况,特别是在组合索引的时候,判断所有的索引字段都被查询用到。
2.varchar(20)与varchar(255)都是保持可变的字符串,当使用ROW_FORMAT=FIXED创建MyISAM表时,会为每行使用固定的长度空间,这样设置不同的varchar长度值时,存储相同数据所占用的空间是不一样。通常情况下使用varchar(20)和varchar(255)保持'hello'占用的空间都是一样的,但使用长度较短的列却有巨大的优势。较大的列使用更多的内存,因为MySQL通常会分配固定大小的内存块来保存值,这对排序或使用基于内存的临时表尤其不好。同样的事情也会发生在使用文件排序或者基于磁盘的临时表的时候。
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