In-depth discussion of Nginx’s caching mechanism and performance tuning techniques

In-depth discussion of Nginx’s caching mechanism and performance tuning techniques

Introduction:
In today’s web development, high performance and high concurrency are what we are pursuing The goal. As a high-performance web server, Nginx's caching mechanism and performance tuning skills are crucial to improving the load capacity of the website. This article will delve into Nginx's caching mechanism and performance tuning techniques, and give relevant code examples.

1. Nginx’s caching mechanism
Nginx’s caching mechanism is implemented through the proxy cache module. It can cache the proxied data locally. When the same request comes next time, the data will be read directly from the cache without the need to send a request to the back-end server. This can greatly reduce the pressure on the back-end server and improve the response speed of the website.

1. Enable caching
   To enable Nginx’s caching function, you first need to add the following code to the Nginx configuration file:

   http {
    ...
    proxy_cache_path /data/nginx/cache levels=1:2 keys_zone=my_cache:10m max_size=10g inactive=60m use_temp_path=off;
    proxy_temp_path /data/nginx/tmp;
    ...
   }

   In this code, proxy_cache_path Defines the cache path and some related parameters. Among them, the levels parameter represents the directory level created in the cache path, the keys_zone parameter defines a shared memory area used to store cached indexes and related metadata, max_size The parameter defines the maximum size of the cache. The inactive parameter indicates that a cache that has not been accessed for a certain period of time will be considered expired. The use_temp_path parameter specifies whether to put the cache file in in the temporary path.

2. Configure caching rules
   To specify which requests need to be cached, you can add the following code to the Nginx configuration file:

   http {
    ...
    location / {
        proxy_pass http://backend;
        proxy_cache my_cache;
        proxy_cache_valid 200 304 1h;
    }
    ...
   }

   In this code, The proxy_pass directive defines the backend server address to be proxied to, proxy_cache specifies the cache area used, proxy_cache_valid defines the HTTP status codes 200 and 304 to be cached time.

3. Refresh and clear cache
   In order to ensure the real-time and accuracy of data, we sometimes need to manually refresh or clear the cache. You can add the following code to the Nginx configuration file:

   http {
    ...
    location /flush_cache {
        internal;
        proxy_cache_purge my_cache "$scheme$request_method$host$request_uri";
        return 200 "Cache flushed successfully";
    }
    ...
   }

   In this code, location specifies the URL to refresh the cache, and the internal directive limits the request Can only be called internally by Nginx. The proxy_cache_purge directive is used to clean the cache.

2. Nginx performance tuning techniques
In addition to the caching mechanism, we can also further improve the performance of Nginx through some performance tuning techniques.

1. Increase the number of concurrent connections of the Worker process
   Nginx has a smaller number of Worker processes configured by default. You can increase the number of Worker processes by modifying the configuration file to increase the number of concurrent connections:

   worker_processes auto;
   events {
    worker_connections 4096;
   }

   In this code, worker_processes specifies the number of Worker processes, and the events part specifies the maximum number of concurrent connections for each Worker process.

2. Configure TCP connection and timeout parameters
   Properly configuring TCP connection and timeout parameters can improve the performance of Nginx:

   http {
    ...
    keepalive_timeout 65;
    keepalive_requests 100;
    send_timeout 2m;
    client_header_timeout 1m;
    ...
   }

   In this code, keepalive_timeout defines the maximum time a client connection remains active without any requests, keepalive_requests defines the maximum number of client connection requests, send_timeout defines The maximum time to send a response to the client, client_header_timeout defines the maximum time to receive the client request header.

3. Enable Gzip compression
   Enabling Gzip compression can reduce the amount of data transferred and improve page loading speed:

   http {
    ...
    gzip on;
    gzip_disable "msie6";
    gzip_types text/plain text/css application/json;
    ...
   }

   In this code, The gzip directive enables Gzip compression, gzip_disable specifies not to compress the msie6 browser request, and gzip_types specifies the MIME type that requires Gzip compression.

Conclusion:
By in-depth discussion of Nginx’s caching mechanism and performance tuning techniques, we can better understand and apply Nginx, and effectively improve the website’s load capacity and user experience. . By properly configuring the caching mechanism and performance parameters, and tuning according to the actual situation, we can achieve better results in high-performance and high-concurrency web development. I hope this article can be helpful to readers.

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