Detailed explanation of Nginx server architecture design and performance optimization

Detailed explanation of Nginx server architecture design and performance optimization

Abstract:
Nginx is a lightweight, high-performance web server software that is widely used in large-scale websites and Internet applications. This article will introduce Nginx's server architecture design and detailed methods of performance optimization, with code examples.

1. Server architecture design
   Nginx adopts a multi-process and asynchronous event-driven architecture, which can make full use of the advantages of multi-core CPUs and improve the concurrent processing capabilities of the system. It is mainly divided into two levels: Master process and Worker process.

1.1 Master process
The Master process is the main control process of Nginx. It is responsible for managing all Worker processes and handling the distribution and scheduling of HTTP requests. Specifically, the Master process mainly completes the following tasks:
1) Read and parse the configuration file, and initialize the server;
2) Start the Worker process and communicate with the main process;
3) Monitor network events , receive connection requests from clients;
4) Distribute requests to different Worker processes.

1.2 Worker process
The Worker process is the working process of Nginx and is responsible for processing specific HTTP requests and responses. Each Worker process runs independently and does not interfere with each other. The main work of the Worker process includes:
1) Receive requests distributed by the Master process;
2) Process requests, including reading request messages, parsing request headers and URLs, etc.;
3) Calling relevant modules for processing request and generate a response message;
4) Send the response to the client.

2. Performance optimization method
   In order to further improve the performance of Nginx, we can optimize from the following aspects.

2.1 Optimize Nginx configuration
Nginx performance optimization starts with optimizing the configuration file. Mainly involves the following aspects:
1) worker_processes parameter: Set the number of Worker processes, determined according to the number of CPU cores of the server;
2) Worker_connections parameter: Set the maximum number of concurrent connections for each Worker process, determined according to the server Hardware resources to adjust;
3) keepalive_timeout parameter: Set the timeout of long connections to reduce the overhead of frequent establishment and closing of TCP connections.

2.2 Using the caching mechanism
Nginx supports caching static files into memory to reduce disk IO overhead. The caching mechanism can be enabled by configuring the following Cache directive:

proxy_cache_path /path/to/cache levels=1:2 keys_zone=my_cache:10m max_size=10g inactive=60m;

2.3 Load Balancing
Nginx has a built-in load balancing function, and load balancing can be achieved by configuring upstream. The specific configuration is as follows:

upstream backend {
    server backend1.example.com;
    server backend2.example.com;
    server backend3.example.com;
}

2.4 Turn on Gzip compression
Using Gzip compression can reduce the size of response messages and save network bandwidth. Gzip compression can be enabled by configuring the following Gzip directive:

gzip on;
gzip_types text/plain text/css application/json;

2.5 Current Limiting and Preventing DDoS Attacks
Nginx can limit the number of concurrent connections and request frequency of the client by configuring the limit_conn and limit_req modules to prevent The server load caused by malicious requests is too high. The specific configuration is as follows:

limit_conn_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=addr:10m;
limit_conn addr 10;
limit_req_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=addr:10m rate=10r/s;
limit_req zone=addr burst=20;

Conclusion:
Through reasonable server architecture design and performance optimization methods, the performance and stability of Nginx can be greatly improved and better Web services can be achieved. The code examples shown above can be used as references for actual projects to help developers better understand and apply Nginx.

Reference:

1. Nginx Documentation [Online]. Available: https://nginx.org/en/docs/
2. Richard Ou. (2015) . Scaling Nginx: Load Balancing and Microcaching with Nginx [Online]. Available: https://www.nginx.com/blog/scaling-nginx-load-balancing-microcaching-nginx/
3. Nginx Performance [Online ]. Available: https://www.nginx.com/blog/tuning-nginx/

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