观察者模式是开发中经常使用的模式,这个模式由两个主要部分组成:主题和观察者。通过观察者模式,实现主题和观察者的解耦。
主题负责发布内容,而观察者则接收主题发布的内容。通常情况下,观察者都是多个,所以,我们需要一个集合来保存所有的观察者,在主题发布内容之后,依次将主题发布的内容提供给观察者,从程序的角度来说,观察者就是一堆的方法,我们将内容作为参数依次调用这些方法。
如果了解 jQuery 的 Callbacks, 那么,你会发现,通过 Callbacks 来管理观察者的列表是很方便的事情。再添加一个主题,我们就可以实现观察者模式了。在 jQuery 中,这个模式被到处使用,不要说你没有使用过 ready 函数,回想一下,你可以在一个页面中,多次使用 ready 函数,在 ready 事件触发之后,这些函数就可以被依次调用了,这个机制就已经突破了简单的事件处理机制了。
需要说明的是,许多事件仅仅触发一次,比如 ready 事件,ajax 的请求处理等等,这种情况下,使用 Deferred 就非常方便了。
使用 Deferred
在 jQuery 中,实现观察者模式的就是 Deferred 了,我们先看它的使用。你也可以直接看 jQuery 的 Deferred 文档。
这个对象提供了主题和订阅的管理,使用它可以很容易实现一次性的观察者模式。
<code class="language-javascript">// 定义主题 var subject = (function(){ var dfd = $.Deferred(); return dfd; })(); // 两个观察者 var fn1 = function(content){ console.log("fn1: " + content ); } var fn2 = function(content){ console.log("fn2: " + content ); } // 注册观察者 $.when( subject ) .done( fn1 ) .done( fn2 ); // 发布内容 subject.resolve("Alice");</code>
通常我们在主题内部来决定什么时候,以及发布什么内容,而不允许在主题之外发布。通过 Deferred 对象的 promise 方法,我们可以只允许在主题之外注册观察者,有点像 .NET 中 event 的处理了。这样,我们的代码就成为下面的形式。
<code class="language-javascript">// 定义主题 var subject = (function(){ var dfd = $.Deferred(); var task = function() { // 发布内容 dfd.resolve("Alice"); } setTimeout( task, 3000); return dfd.promise(); })(); // 两个观察者 var fn1 = function(content){ console.log("fn1: " + content ); } var fn2 = function(content){ console.log("fn2: " + content ); } // 注册观察者 $.when( subject ) .done( fn1 ) .done( fn2 );</code>
在 jQuery 中,甚至可以提供两个主题同时被观察, 需要注意的是,要等两个主题都触发之后,才会真正触发,每个观察者一次得到这两个主题,所以参数变成了 2 个。
<code class="language-javascript">// 定义主题 var subjectAlice = (function(){ var dfd = $.Deferred(); var task = function() { // 发布内容 dfd.resolve("Alice"); } setTimeout( task, 3000); return dfd.promise(); })(); var subjectTom = (function(){ var dfd = $.Deferred(); var task = function() { // 发布内容 dfd.resolve("Tom"); } setTimeout( task, 1000); return dfd.promise(); })(); // 两个观察者 var fn1 = function(content1, content2){ console.log("fn1: " + content1 ); console.log("fn1: " + content2 ); } var fn2 = function(content1, content2){ console.log("fn2: " + content1 ); console.log("fn2: " + content2 ); } // 注册观察者 $.when( subjectAlice, subjectTom ) .done( fn1 ) .done( fn2 );</code>
实际上,在 jQuery 中,不仅可以发布成功完成的事件,主题还可以发布其它两种事件:失败和处理中。
失败事件,通过调用主题的 reject 方法可以发布失败的消息,对于观察者来说,需要通过 fail 来注册这个事件了。
处理中事件,通过调用主题的 notify 来发布处理中的消息,对于观察者来说,需要通过 progress 来注册这个事件。
要是观察者想一次性注册多个事件,那么,可以通过 then 来注册,这种方式可以处理主题的成功、失败和处理中三种事件。
<code class="language-javascript">$.get( "test.php" ).then( function() { alert( "$.get succeeded" ); }, function() { alert( "$.get failed!" ); } );</code>
只考虑成功和失败的话,就通过 always 来处理。
<code class="language-javascript">$.get( "test.php" ) .always(function() { alert( "$.get completed with success or error callback arguments" ); });</code>
jQuery 中 Deferred 的使用
常用的是 ajax, get, post 等等 Ajax 函数了。它们内部都已经实现为了 Deferred ,返回的结果就是 Deferred 对象了。也就是说你只管写观察者就可以了,主题内部已经处理好了,比如当 ajax 成功之后调用 resolve 来触发 done 事件并传递参数的问题。你可以继续使用传统的回调方式,显然推荐你使用 Deferred 方式了。这样你的代码结构更加清晰。
<code class="language-javascript">$.post( "test.php", { name: "John", time: "2pm" }) .done(function( data ) { alert( "Data Loaded: " + data ); });</code>
如果需要访问两个 Ajax ,则可以这样
<code class="language-javascript">$.when( $.post( "test.php", { name: "John", time: "2pm" }), $.post( "other.php" ) ) .done(function( data1, data2 ) { alert( "Data Loaded: " + data1 ); alert( "Data Loaded: " + data2 ); });</code>
实现 Deferred
通过前面的使用,其实你一定可以想到,在 Deferred 这个对象的内部,必须有三个回调队列了,这里的成功和失败只能一次完成,所以这两个 Callbacks 都使用了 once 来定义。
<code class="language-javascript">var tuples = [ // action, add listener, listener list, final state [ "resolve", "done", jQuery.Callbacks("once memory"), "resolved" ], [ "reject", "fail", jQuery.Callbacks("once memory"), "rejected" ], [ "notify", "progress", jQuery.Callbacks("memory") ] ],</code>
当前处理的状态。
<code class="language-javascript">state = "pending", promise = { state: function() { return state; },</code>
always 就是直接注册了两个事件。then 允许我们一次处理三种注册。
<code class="language-javascript">always: function() { deferred.done( arguments ).fail( arguments ); return this; }, then: function( /* fnDone, fnFail, fnProgress */ ) { var fns = arguments; return jQuery.Deferred(function( newDefer ) { jQuery.each( tuples, function( i, tuple ) { var action = tuple[ 0 ], fn = jQuery.isFunction( fns[ i ] ) && fns[ i ]; // deferred[ done | fail | progress ] for forwarding actions to newDefer deferred[ tuple[1] ](function() { var returned = fn && fn.apply( this, arguments ); if ( returned && jQuery.isFunction( returned.promise ) ) { returned.promise() .done( newDefer.resolve ) .fail( newDefer.reject ) .progress( newDefer.notify ); } else { newDefer[ action + "With" ]( this === promise ? newDefer.promise() : this, fn ? [ returned ] : arguments ); } }); }); fns = null; }).promise(); },</code>
deferred 就是一个对象。pipe 是已经过时的用法,是 then 的别名。
<code class="language-javascript">deferred = {}; // Keep pipe for back-compat promise.pipe = promise.then; // Add list-specific methods jQuery.each( tuples, function( i, tuple ) { var list = tuple[ 2 ], stateString = tuple[ 3 ]; // promise[ done | fail | progress ] = list.add promise[ tuple[1] ] = list.add; // Handle state if ( stateString ) { list.add(function() { // state = [ resolved | rejected ] state = stateString; // [ reject_list | resolve_list ].disable; progress_list.lock }, tuples[ i ^ 1 ][ 2 ].disable, tuples[ 2 ][ 2 ].lock ); } // deferred[ resolve | reject | notify ] deferred[ tuple[0] ] = function() { deferred[ tuple[0] + "With" ]( this === deferred ? promise : this, arguments ); return this; }; deferred[ tuple[0] + "With" ] = list.fireWith; }); // Make the deferred a promise promise.promise( deferred ); // Call given func if any if ( func ) { func.call( deferred, deferred ); } // All done! return deferred; },</code>
when 是一个助手方法,支持多个主题。
<code class="language-javascript">// Deferred helper when: function( subordinate /* , ..., subordinateN */ ) { var i = 0, resolveValues = core_slice.call( arguments ), length = resolveValues.length, // the count of uncompleted subordinates remaining = length !== 1 || ( subordinate && jQuery.isFunction( subordinate.promise ) ) ? length : 0, // the master Deferred. If resolveValues consist of only a single Deferred, just use that. deferred = remaining === 1 ? subordinate : jQuery.Deferred(), // Update function for both resolve and progress values updateFunc = function( i, contexts, values ) { return function( value ) { contexts[ i ] = this; values[ i ] = arguments.length > 1 ? core_slice.call( arguments ) : value; if( values === progressValues ) { deferred.notifyWith( contexts, values ); } else if ( !( --remaining ) ) { deferred.resolveWith( contexts, values ); } }; }, progressValues, progressContexts, resolveContexts; // add listeners to Deferred subordinates; treat others as resolved if ( length > 1 ) { progressValues = new Array( length ); progressContexts = new Array( length ); resolveContexts = new Array( length ); for ( ; i </code>
完整的代码如下所示:
<code class="language-javascript">jQuery.extend({ Deferred: function( func ) { var tuples = [ // action, add listener, listener list, final state [ "resolve", "done", jQuery.Callbacks("once memory"), "resolved" ], [ "reject", "fail", jQuery.Callbacks("once memory"), "rejected" ], [ "notify", "progress", jQuery.Callbacks("memory") ] ], state = "pending", promise = { state: function() { return state; }, always: function() { deferred.done( arguments ).fail( arguments ); return this; }, then: function( /* fnDone, fnFail, fnProgress */ ) { var fns = arguments; return jQuery.Deferred(function( newDefer ) { jQuery.each( tuples, function( i, tuple ) { var action = tuple[ 0 ], fn = jQuery.isFunction( fns[ i ] ) && fns[ i ]; // deferred[ done | fail | progress ] for forwarding actions to newDefer deferred[ tuple[1] ](function() { var returned = fn && fn.apply( this, arguments ); if ( returned && jQuery.isFunction( returned.promise ) ) { returned.promise() .done( newDefer.resolve ) .fail( newDefer.reject ) .progress( newDefer.notify ); } else { newDefer[ action + "With" ]( this === promise ? newDefer.promise() : this, fn ? [ returned ] : arguments ); } }); }); fns = null; }).promise(); }, // Get a promise for this deferred // If obj is provided, the promise aspect is added to the object promise: function( obj ) { return obj != null ? jQuery.extend( obj, promise ) : promise; } }, deferred = {}; // Keep pipe for back-compat promise.pipe = promise.then; // Add list-specific methods jQuery.each( tuples, function( i, tuple ) { var list = tuple[ 2 ], stateString = tuple[ 3 ]; // promise[ done | fail | progress ] = list.add promise[ tuple[1] ] = list.add; // Handle state if ( stateString ) { list.add(function() { // state = [ resolved | rejected ] state = stateString; // [ reject_list | resolve_list ].disable; progress_list.lock }, tuples[ i ^ 1 ][ 2 ].disable, tuples[ 2 ][ 2 ].lock ); } // deferred[ resolve | reject | notify ] deferred[ tuple[0] ] = function() { deferred[ tuple[0] + "With" ]( this === deferred ? promise : this, arguments ); return this; }; deferred[ tuple[0] + "With" ] = list.fireWith; }); // Make the deferred a promise promise.promise( deferred ); // Call given func if any if ( func ) { func.call( deferred, deferred ); } // All done! return deferred; }, // Deferred helper when: function( subordinate /* , ..., subordinateN */ ) { var i = 0, resolveValues = core_slice.call( arguments ), length = resolveValues.length, // the count of uncompleted subordinates remaining = length !== 1 || ( subordinate && jQuery.isFunction( subordinate.promise ) ) ? length : 0, // the master Deferred. If resolveValues consist of only a single Deferred, just use that. deferred = remaining === 1 ? subordinate : jQuery.Deferred(), // Update function for both resolve and progress values updateFunc = function( i, contexts, values ) { return function( value ) { contexts[ i ] = this; values[ i ] = arguments.length > 1 ? core_slice.call( arguments ) : value; if( values === progressValues ) { deferred.notifyWith( contexts, values ); } else if ( !( --remaining ) ) { deferred.resolveWith( contexts, values ); } }; }, progressValues, progressContexts, resolveContexts; // add listeners to Deferred subordinates; treat others as resolved if ( length > 1 ) { progressValues = new Array( length ); progressContexts = new Array( length ); resolveContexts = new Array( length ); for ( ; i </code>

JavaScript is widely used in websites, mobile applications, desktop applications and server-side programming. 1) In website development, JavaScript operates DOM together with HTML and CSS to achieve dynamic effects and supports frameworks such as jQuery and React. 2) Through ReactNative and Ionic, JavaScript is used to develop cross-platform mobile applications. 3) The Electron framework enables JavaScript to build desktop applications. 4) Node.js allows JavaScript to run on the server side and supports high concurrent requests.

Python is more suitable for data science and automation, while JavaScript is more suitable for front-end and full-stack development. 1. Python performs well in data science and machine learning, using libraries such as NumPy and Pandas for data processing and modeling. 2. Python is concise and efficient in automation and scripting. 3. JavaScript is indispensable in front-end development and is used to build dynamic web pages and single-page applications. 4. JavaScript plays a role in back-end development through Node.js and supports full-stack development.

C and C play a vital role in the JavaScript engine, mainly used to implement interpreters and JIT compilers. 1) C is used to parse JavaScript source code and generate an abstract syntax tree. 2) C is responsible for generating and executing bytecode. 3) C implements the JIT compiler, optimizes and compiles hot-spot code at runtime, and significantly improves the execution efficiency of JavaScript.

JavaScript's application in the real world includes front-end and back-end development. 1) Display front-end applications by building a TODO list application, involving DOM operations and event processing. 2) Build RESTfulAPI through Node.js and Express to demonstrate back-end applications.

The main uses of JavaScript in web development include client interaction, form verification and asynchronous communication. 1) Dynamic content update and user interaction through DOM operations; 2) Client verification is carried out before the user submits data to improve the user experience; 3) Refreshless communication with the server is achieved through AJAX technology.

Understanding how JavaScript engine works internally is important to developers because it helps write more efficient code and understand performance bottlenecks and optimization strategies. 1) The engine's workflow includes three stages: parsing, compiling and execution; 2) During the execution process, the engine will perform dynamic optimization, such as inline cache and hidden classes; 3) Best practices include avoiding global variables, optimizing loops, using const and lets, and avoiding excessive use of closures.

Python is more suitable for beginners, with a smooth learning curve and concise syntax; JavaScript is suitable for front-end development, with a steep learning curve and flexible syntax. 1. Python syntax is intuitive and suitable for data science and back-end development. 2. JavaScript is flexible and widely used in front-end and server-side programming.

Python and JavaScript have their own advantages and disadvantages in terms of community, libraries and resources. 1) The Python community is friendly and suitable for beginners, but the front-end development resources are not as rich as JavaScript. 2) Python is powerful in data science and machine learning libraries, while JavaScript is better in front-end development libraries and frameworks. 3) Both have rich learning resources, but Python is suitable for starting with official documents, while JavaScript is better with MDNWebDocs. The choice should be based on project needs and personal interests.


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