Does golang have no stack?

Go language is an increasingly popular programming language and is known as the "C language of the new era". As a relatively young language, it is innovative in many ways. The most representative ones are Goroutine and Channel, which provide extremely high concurrency performance for the Go language, making it the preferred language in cloud computing and other fields.

Compared with other languages, Goroutine is special in that it is not a thread or a process, but a lightweight thread based on coroutines. Goroutine is created and destroyed very quickly and can perform concurrent tasks more efficiently. Therefore, Goroutine is also the core of the Go language concurrency mechanism. However, there is a very special fact here, that is, Goroutine does not have its own independent call stack like other threads.

In the traditional multi-threaded programming model, each thread has its own independent call stack, which is used to save information such as function parameters, local variables, and the return address of the function call. When the function call ends, , the stack frame will be popped, and control will return to the caller's stack frame for execution. Compared with traditional threads, Goroutine greatly simplifies the complexity of the call stack because it does not have its own independent call stack.

So how does Goroutine handle the parameters and local variables of each function? In fact, the Go language stores each Goroutine parameter and local variable by allocating memory on the heap. In other words, each Goroutine will have its own memory, including function parameters, local variables and other information. Since these memories are allocated on the heap, they can be accessed by other Goroutines and can be reclaimed by the garbage collector.

In the Go language, the stack space of each Goroutine is fixed, 2KB by default. You can modify the stack space size of each Goroutine through the runtime.GOMAXPROCS() function. At the same time, the Go language also provides some advanced tools to optimize stack usage, such as escape analysis, which is a technology that optimizes memory usage at the compiler level.

Escape analysis can detect at compile time which variables do not need to go through the heap to allocate memory, thereby deciding whether the variables should be placed on the stack or the heap, which can effectively reduce memory overhead and improve program performance. . In addition, the Go language also provides a method called "slice shared underlying array" to avoid repeated allocation of memory during function calls. This is a very subtle technique that can greatly reduce memory allocation and copying and improve program performance.

Although Goroutine does not have an independent call stack, it is still a very powerful mechanism. It can execute concurrently on multiple CPU cores, can avoid problems such as race conditions and deadlocks in multi-threaded programming, and has better scalability than traditional threads. At the same time, the simplicity and ease of use of Goroutine are also one of the reasons why the Go language is popular.

In general, Goroutine is a very excellent and unique concurrency mechanism. Although it does not have its own independent call stack, it has high performance and scalability. The introduction of Goroutine has greatly improved the concurrency capabilities of the Go language, making it the first choice language for writing efficient concurrent programs.

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